基于气候适宜度的夏玉米发育期模拟模型

结合前人气候适宜度的研究成果,以作物生理生态发育过程为基础,构建了夏玉米发育期预报模型。模型中分别建立了夏玉米温度、降水、日照时数适宜度函数,并结合河南省19个农业气象试验站的夏玉米发育期资料,运用通径分析法确定各个生育期温度、降水和日照的影响权重系数,计算出综合适宜度,用来预测夏玉米生育期。结果表明,模型能够较好地预测各个发育期(出苗、七叶、拔节、抽雄、乳熟和成熟)。建模资料的模拟值与观测值比较的均方根误差分别为1.5、3.1、3.4、2.9、4.0、4.5 d。运用独立资料对模型所作预测值的均方根误差在1.0~4.6 d之间。     

鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系低煤阶煤层气系统演化

低煤阶煤层气作为一种非常规天然气资源,具有良好的勘探开发前景。我国低煤阶煤层气资源丰富,进行低煤阶煤层气系统演化分析,对其富集成藏及开发具有重要的理论意义。鄂尔多斯盆地煤层甲烷的碳同位素δ13C₁为–33.1‰~–80.0‰,氢同位素δ_CH4为–235‰~–268‰。该盆地侏罗系煤层气藏主要有次生生物气与热成因气构成的混合型煤层气藏和热成因气藏两种类型。据构造热事件、煤层气组分及成因,结合不同阶段的煤层埋深、变质程度和生气特征等,将鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系低煤阶煤层气系统演化划分为4个阶段:煤系浅埋–原生生物气阶段﹑煤系深埋–热成因气阶段﹑煤系抬升–吸附气逃逸散失阶段﹑煤系局部沉降–次生生物气补充阶段。其中,煤系深埋–热成因气阶段和局部沉降–次生生物气阶段是低煤阶煤层气资源的主要形成阶段。次生生物气的补充是鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系低煤阶煤层气成功开发的重要气源。鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系煤层气藏应属于单斜式富气成藏模式。      

温室黄瓜生育期模拟模型的研究

根据黄瓜（Cucumis sativus）发育的光温反应过程,建立了基于生理发育时间的黄瓜生育期模拟模型,并利用不同品种的试验资料对模型进行了检验。结果表明,黄瓜从播种到第一批瓜成熟需积累生理发育时间30d,播种—幼苗、幼苗—伸蔓、伸蔓—开花、开花—结瓜、结瓜—成熟所需的生理发育时间分别为3、11、9、5、2d。发芽期、幼苗期、伸蔓期、开花期、结瓜期等各生育期持续时间的模拟值与实际观测值的回归估计标准误差（root mean squared error;RMSE）分别为0、2．6、1．7、0．8、2．1d,从播种到第一次采收的模拟值与观测值的RMSE为1．4d。而用有效积温法对发芽期、幼苗期、伸蔓期、开花期、结瓜期等各生育期持续时间的模拟值与实际观测值的RMSE分别为0．7、10．0、5．7、2．4、2．5d,从播种到第一次采收的模拟值与观测值的RMSE为22．0d。本模型比用有效积温法能更准确地预测黄瓜各个生育期的起止日期和黄瓜的收获期。     

长江下游刀鲚(Coilia nasus)仔稚鱼的时空分布

刀鲚(Coilia nasus)是长江下游重要的经济鱼类之一,具有溯河洄游型和淡水定居型两种生态类型本研究于2016年5 8月在刀鲚繁殖高峰期内同时对长江下游湖口、安庆和靖江江段进行刀鲚早期资源调查,研究分析对比了长江下游江段刀鲚仔稚鱼的丰度情况、时空格局及其与主要环境因子的关系结果表明:在调查期间,靖江江段刀鲚仔稚鱼平均密度最高;刀鲚仔稚鱼在调查各江段于6月下旬至7月上旬之间均出现一段较短时间的高峰期,这与刀鲚的产卵类型有关;湖口刀鲚仔稚鱼的爆发时间早于安庆和靖江江段,这种现象可能是由于湖口江段存在的定居型刀鲚产卵造成的;推测长江江水倒灌的特殊环境现象刺激了刀鲚性腺的发育,使得湖口江段8月产卵群体较多;各江段断面空间上的刀鲚仔稚鱼密度差异可能是沿岸地形和水体动力学差异所产生的现象;各江段刀鲚仔稚鱼密度最高峰时的水流量均处于较低水平,水温分别为25.87、25.27和21.67℃,均达到了刀鲚产卵所需条件研究结果初步反映了长江下游刀鲚仔稚鱼的时空特征,为长江下游刀鲚资源的保护提供了参考依据.     

Laboratory observation on spawning,fecundity and larval development of amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri Tsingtaunese)

Although amphioxus is widespread in temperate and tropical seas, its population is diminishing because of environmental pollution. To keep the population of this evolutionarily important animal from diminishing, study on its reproduction and development is necessary. The main findings in this study on the spawning and fecundity of the amphioxus reared in laboratory and its larval development are as follows. 1. Water temperature markedly affected the spawning. It spawned only when water temperature reached 21°C. 2. Spawning of the amphioxus in laboratory was markedly extended. Initially, the amphioxus spawned at about 7:00 PM, but spawning time was postponed as spawning days went on. 3. The number of eggs produced by a female ranged from 1400 to 12800, average of 5800. This also represents the fecundity of the amphioxus because it shedded all eggs within the ovary at a time. 4. During the first few months of life of the amphioxus, its growth rate changed seasonally. The growth rate in summer and fall was greater than that in winter. 5. The pelagic larva became a benthic adult after 50 days. 6. The amphioxus reared in laboratory from fertilized eggs could produce fertile eggs and sperms. These findings can be a foundation for measures to address the problem of diminishing amphioxus population. Contribution No. 2274 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences This work was supported by CNNSF, and Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

遮浪湾浮游幼虫主要类别的形态

在对粤东遮浪湾浮游幼虫样品进行初步鉴定和分类的基础上,对其中主要类别的45个典型幼虫作简要的形态描述。湾中浮游幼虫分属12个动物门,30种类型,其中环节动物多毛类幼虫分属10个科。个别类型和形态的浮游幼虫在我国海区属首次报道。     

Salinity tolerance of northern Brazilian mangrove crab larvae, Ucides cordatus (Ocypodidae): Necessity for larval export?

The life cycle of the semiterrestrial mangrove crab Ucides cordatus includes pelagic larvae that are released into estuarine waters during the wet season and who may thus encounter potentially stressful low and variable salinity conditions. The effect of salinity on the survival of the zoea larvae, the number of zoeal stages and the duration of development from hatching to megalopa was experimentally studied by rearing larvae from the Caeté estuary, Northern Brazil, in seven salinity treatments (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30). For a better interpretation of the laboratory results, estuarine salinities were measured over five consecutive years during the species' reproductive season. The survival of the zoea larvae varied significantly with salinity, while the number of stages and the duration of their development remained constant. Development to megalopa took 20.77 ± 1.57 days and comprised five zoeal stages with ZI and ZII being euryhaline and later stages stenohaline. The newly hatched larvae stayed alive for up to 6 days in freshwater (average 4.32 ± 0.82 days), but did not moult to the second zoeal stage. ZII larvae first occurred from salinity 5 onwards and later zoeal stages at all tested salinities ≥10. However, the larvae only survived to megalopa at salinities ≥15, with highest numbers at salinity 30 (72%) and lowest at 15 (16%). Lethal salinities ≤10 occurred frequently in the estuary during the reproductive season. This suggests a need for larval export to offshore and thus more saline waters to allow for significant larval survival and maintenance of viable populations of this commercially important species. A regional rather than local approach for management is suggested due to the likelihood of long distance larval dispersal by offshore currents.     

中国对虾人工育苗中直接投喂去壳卤虫卵的饵料效果

为了有效地利用我国大量的低孵化率卤虫卵,我们自1989年—1992年,进行了去壳卤虫卵工厂化生产和在中国对虾育苗中直接投喂去壳卤虫卵的饵料效果的研究,应用结果表明:直接投喂去壳卤虫卵,对虾各期幼体均能正常变态进入仔虾期,其发育速度和密度与投喂卤虫无节幼虫的饵料效果基本相同。     

Developmental duration and morphology of the sea star asterias amurensis, in tongyeong, Korea

The process of embryogenesis and larval development of the asteroid sea star Asterias amurensis (Lütken) was observed, with special attention paid to morphological change and larval duration. In reproductive season, mature sea stars were collected under floating net cages, located in Tongyeong, southern Korea. The mature eggs are 138 μm in average diameter, semi-translucent and orange in color, sperms in good condition appear light cream to white-gray in color. Embryos develop through the holoblastic equal cleavage stage and a wrinkled blastula stage that lasts about 9 hours after fertilization. Gastrulae bearing an expanded archenteron hatch from the fertilization envelope 22 hours after fertilization. At the end of gastrulation, rudiments of the left and right coelom are formed. By day 2, larvae possess complete alimentary canal and begin to feed. At this stage, the larva is called early bipinnaria. In 6day-old larvae, the pre- and post- oral ciliated bands form complete circuits and the bipinnarial processes start to develop. By day 12, the lateral and anterior projection of the larval wall processes along the ciliated bands begins to thicken and curl, and the ciliated bands become more prominent. By day 32, early brachiolaria are presented with three pairs of brachiolar arms. Advanced brachiolaria with a well-developed brachiolar complex (three pairs of brachia and central adhesive disc) occur 6 weeks after fertilization. In the field, spawning of the sea star was observed in April to May, settlement form larvae and just settlements seem to occur from June to July, and early juveniles occur from August to September. Although we had not described the end of brachiolaria stage, it can be tentatively estimated that the duration of the pelagic stage of A. amurensis is 40 to 50 days.