Temporal and cross-shelf distribution of ichthyoplankton in the central Cantabrian Sea

Environmental variables have been measured and sampling for ichthyoplankton has been conducted monthly, since April 2001, at three stations, located at the inner (1), middle (2) and outer (3) shelf of the central Cantabrian Sea. This paper presents the results of the study of the ichthyoplankton collected from July 2001 to June 2004. Fish larvae from 99 species, belonging to 37 families, were identified. Families with higher number of species were Gadidae, Sparidae and Labridae. The larval fish assemblage was dominated by pelagic fish species, with Sardina pilchardus, as the most abundant. There was a pronounced spring peak in larval abundance, dominated by S. pilchardus. A smaller peak, dominated by S. pilchardus and Micromesistius poutassou, was recorded in late winter at Stns 2 and 3. This pattern was evident for the three-year study. Results also indicate that this study was limited to the coastal larval fish assemblage inhabiting the central Cantabrian Sea shelf. This assemblage was temporally structured into other three assemblages: winter, late winter–spring and summer–autumn. Temperature was apparently a key factor in larval fish assemblage succession. In a scenario of global warming, this study constitutes a basis to evaluating the ongoing changes in the pelagic coastal ecosystem of the central Cantabrian Sea.     

亚铁离子对赤潮异弯藻种群消长和部分生化特性的影响

报道了KCl对方斑东风螺(Babylonia aerolato Link)浮游幼虫变态的诱导作用.结果表明,在水体200 mL,幼虫20只,KCl连续作用12 h的条件下,当KCl浓度不超过8×10-3 mol/L且幼虫日龄小于12 d时,诱导变态率为0～15%,诱导效果不稳定;当KCl浓度达到11×10-3 mol/L且幼虫日龄达到15 d时,浮游幼虫变态率超过95%.在水体850 L,幼虫2.0×105～2.5×105只,KCl连续作用9 h的条件下,KCl浓度为17×10-3mol/L,日龄15 d的幼虫变态率达90%.浮游幼虫日龄越大,KCl添加浓度越高,作用时间越长,KCl诱导变态作用越明显.KCl对方斑东风螺幼虫有毒性作用,日龄越小,浓度越大,作用时间越长,毒性越大.日龄12 d的浮游幼虫,KCl添加浓度11×10-3mol/L作用20 h诱导变态的稚螺,未发现其生长和存活受到KCl的不良影响.综合本实验的结果,KCl诱导变态较为安全有效的条件是:浮游幼虫日龄不小于15 d,添加浓度11×10-3～14×10-3 mol/L,作用时间不超过12 h.     

KCl对方斑东风螺浮游幼虫变态的诱导作用

报道了KCl对方斑东风螺(Babylonia aerolatoLink)浮游幼虫变态的诱导作用。结果表明,在水体200 mL,幼虫20只,KCl连续作用12 h的条件下,当KCl浓度不超过8×10-3mol/L且幼虫日龄小于12 d时,诱导变态率为0~15%,诱导效果不稳定;当KCl浓度达到11×10-3mol/L且幼虫日龄达到15 d时,浮游幼虫变态率超过95%。在水体850 L,幼虫2.0×105~2.5×105只,KCl连续作用9 h的条件下,KCl浓度为17×10-3mol/L,日龄15 d的幼虫变态率达90%。浮游幼虫日龄越大,KCl添加浓度越高,作用时间越长,KCl诱导变态作用越明显。KCl对方斑东风螺幼虫有毒性作用,日龄越小,浓度越大,作用时间越长,毒性越大。日龄12 d的浮游幼虫,KCl添加浓度11×10-3mol/L作用20 h诱导变态的稚螺,未发现其生长和存活受到KCl的不良影响。综合本实验的结果,KCl诱导变态较为安全有效的条件是:浮游幼虫日龄不小于15 d,添加浓度11×10-3~14×10-3mol/L,作用时间不超过12 h。     

The hydrogen peroxide impact on larval settlement and metamorphosis of abalone <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haliotis diversicolor supertexta</Emphasis>

Abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta is an important economic mollusk. The settlement and metamorphosis are two critical stages during its development period, which has direct influence on abalone survival and production. The influence of reactive oxygen species （hydrogen peroxide） on abalone embryo and juvenile development were examined in this study. Larvae of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta were induced to settlement and metamorphose by exposure to seawater supplemented with hydrogen peroxide. They had the best performance at 800 μmol/L. The concentration of 1 000 μmol/L or higher was toxic to the larvae, as the larvae could settle down only at benthic diatom plates without complete metamorphosis. In addition, H2O2 adding time was critical to the larval performance. 24h after two-day post-fertilization was proved to be the optimal adding time. In this paper, two action mechanisms of hydrogen peroxide are discussed： （1） hydrogen peroxide has direct toxicity to ciliated cells, thus cause apoptosis; （2） hydrogen peroxide, as a product from catecholamines＇ autoxidation process in vivo, can reverse this process to produce neuro-transmitters to induce abalone metamorphosis.     

花尾胡椒鲷仔稚鱼期消化酶活性的变化

本文研究了花尾胡椒鲷仔、鱼发育时期不同日龄的三种消化酶活性的变化。早期仔鱼已具有一定的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性,蛋白酶比活力在仔稚鱼转变期和稚鱼向幼鱼转变时明显下降,淀粉酶活笥随日 龄增加呈下降趋势,内源营养向外源营养转换过程中,脂肪酶活笥先升后降,进入于期后比活力迅速再次提升。结果表明,消化酶活笥的变化与他、稚鱼发育过程中开矿变化具相关性。混合营养期结束后。１３日 龄仔鱼的三种酶活性均下降,且     

有机饵料常规饵料对扣蟹品质的比较研究

从扣蟹的体重、壳长、壳宽,扣蟹体内粗蛋白、氨基酸及药物残留和重金属含量等几个方面比较了在有机养殖和常规养殖模式下扣蟹的品质。结果显示,在有机养殖模式下,扣蟹的体重增长,壳长、壳宽与常规养殖差异显著(p<0.05);体内粗蛋白含量、必需氨基酸含量中,有机养殖组为55.43%、48.07%,常规养殖组为46.55%、40.64%,常规养殖组扣蟹的氨基酸含量明显低于有机饵料养殖组;在药残和重金属含量方面,除常规养殖组的六六六检出外,其余指标均符合有机蟹卫生质量地方标准(DB32/T609.3-2003),但有机养殖组的重金属含量则远较常规养殖组低。     

Gene flow and demographic history of the mangrove crab Neosarmatium meinerti: A case study from the western Indian Ocean

Most marine organisms are characterized by at least one planktonic phase during their life history, potentially allowing interconnection of populations separated by several hundred kilometers. For many years, the idea that marine species are genetically homogenous throughout their range of distribution, due to passive larval transport, has been a paradigm. Nowadays, a growing number of studies underline the existence of boundaries in the marine realm and highlight how larval dispersal is a complex process depending on biotic as well as abiotic factors. Marine fragmented habitats, such as atolls, mangroves and estuaries, are optimal systems for investigating the marine dispersion process under a metapopulation approach, since populations can be geographically defined a priori as opposed to those occupying open marine environments. Within this frame, the present paper investigates the population genetic structure and the demographic history of the mangrove crab Neosarmatium meinerti within the western Indian Ocean by partial sequences of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I. A total of 167 specimens were sampled from six mangrove sites distributed along the East African coast, from Kenya to South Africa, also including a mangrove forest located on Mahé Island, Seychelles. A sharp genetic break between the mainland and the Seychelles is recorded, revealing the existence of two historically distinct groups that can be defined as independent evolutionary units. Gene flow along the East African coast appears to be high enough to form a single metapopulation, probably by means of stepping stone populations. Otherwise, this mainland metapopulation is currently under expansion through a gradual moving front from the subtropical toward the equatorial populations.     

菲尔德斯半岛东南附近海域的两种仔鱼

198 7年 1 1月至 1 988年 4月在菲尔德斯半岛东南附近海域采集到的仔鱼体长为 1 3 .1 -1 5 mm,它们都处于早期发育阶段。经鉴定隶属一科 (南极鳕鱼科 Nototheniidae) ,一属 (Notothe-nia)两种 :(N.larseni Lonnb,N.gibberifrons Lonnb)。 N.larseni占 88 ,N.gibberifrons占1 2 %。本文对仔鱼形态作了详细的描述。     

Paradigms for planktonic assemblages: 50 years of contributions from the Leigh Marine Laboratory,Northland, New Zealand

Abstract

Plankton includes the primary producers and consumers that are critical for healthy ecosystem function in the marine realm. My objective was to identify the major contributions of the Leigh Marine Laboratory to our broader understanding of planktonic assemblages. Significant contributions were made prior to 1990 on the ecology of larval fishes. From the 1990s the focus changed to the sensory biology of larval invertebrates and fishes, with a strong emphasis given to the role of reef sound in attracting potential settlers. Both early and post 1980s research has been highly influential in a paradigm shift away from passively drifting larvae that have little control over their fate. Important contributions have also been made on the dynamics of nutrient–phytoplankton interactions, larval development and aquaculture. Opportunities abound for future research on the dynamics of planktonic assemblages in shelf waters and in changing seas.     

Burrowing and burying by the crab Macrophthalmus hirtipes

Macrophthalmus hirtipes (Jacquinot, 1853) excavates burrows under water in soft, muddy sand that remains waterlogged at low tide. The crabs are immersed for at least 4 h in every tide. The burrows are usually single, blind‐ending, slightly curved passages; their openings do not appear to be deliberately closed by the crabs. Excavation is effected by using one set of walking legs as a scoop while the other set provides sideways traction.

Burrow openings are readily obscured by water movement, so that apparent burrow density does not give a true indication of the number of crabs in an area, but only indicates how many have been active recently; the true density may be found by sieving.

The burrowing activity of M. hirtipes is compared with that of other ocypodid crabs, and the functions of burrows are discussed. A distinction is made between excavating a burrow and rapid burying, because the two behaviours are very different, and must involve different adaptations and selection pressures.