大泷六线鱼仔鱼饥饿试验及不可逆点的研究

摘要：利用人工孵化得到的大泷六线鱼（Hexagrammos otakii Jordan et Starks）初孵仔鱼,在水温16±0.5℃,盐度31条件下,研究了饥饿对大泷六线鱼前期仔鱼生长的影响,并确定仔鱼的初次摄食饥饿不可逆点（PNR）。结果表明,仔鱼3日龄开口摄食,卵黄于7日龄消耗完毕,油球于8日龄消耗完毕,混合营养期为5-6天,饥饿对仔鱼卵黄吸收速度影响显著（P＜0.05）,对油球的吸收在仔鱼开口前影响不显著（P＞0.05）,仔鱼开口后影响显著（P＜0.05）。摄食仔鱼生长呈线性增加,饥饿仔鱼生长呈现先升高后降低的趋势。仔鱼饥饿不可逆点出现在8日龄和9日龄之间。     

The Influences of Mg~(2+), Ca~(2+) and Mg ~(2+)/Ca ~ (2+) Ratio in Mixed Seawater on the Emergence Rate of Penaeus japonicus Postlarva

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＰｅｎａｅｕｓｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓｉｓａｎｅｕｒｏｘｙｂｉｏｔｉｃｐｅｎａｅｉｄｐｒａｗｎ ,ｗｈｏｓｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｓａｌｉｎｉｔｙｒａｎｇｅｆｏｒｇｒｏｗｔｈｉｓ2 0 -30ａｎｄｏｐｔｉｍａｌｓａｌｉｎｉｔｙｒａｎｇｅｉｓ 2 5-30 (ＷａｎｇａｎｄＬｉｕ ,1 991 ;ＷａｎｇａｎｄＹｕ ,1 999) .Ｉｔｈａｓｇｒｅａｔｏｓｍｏｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｒｙｃａｐａｃｉｔｙ (ＭａｎｔｅｌａｎｄＦａｍｅｒ,1 983) .Ｂｕｔｉｔｓｂｅｓｔｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｆｏｒｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄｄｅｖｅｌ…     

温度、盐度和密度交互作用对波纹巴非蛤幼贝生长的影响

为查明波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulata)幼贝最适生长条件,采用响应面法研究了温度、盐度和密度交互作用对波纹巴非蛤幼贝生长的影响。利用Box-Behnken中心组合进行3因素3水平的实验设计(3因素为温度(A),盐度(B),密度(C);3水平为-1,0,1),以幼贝生长率为响应值,以A(26℃,28℃,30℃)、B(28,30,32)和C(0.56,1.4,2.24个/cm2)为影响因子。实验结果表明：(1)盐度对幼贝生长影响最显著(P<0.05),3种生态因子对幼贝生长率影响程度大小顺序是：B>A>C;(2)通过SAS软件分析,得出波纹巴非蛤幼贝最适生长环境组合是温度为26.93℃、盐度为31.39、密度为1.12个/cm2,理论最佳生长率为41.47%。为验证响应面法预测结果的准确性,以预测结果为实验条件,相同实验时间后,得到的生长率为42.30%,结果与理论预测值相近,响应面方法可靠。     

Description of the larval development of Galaxies maculatus in landlocked lentic and lotic systems in Western Australia

The larvae and larval development of Galaxias maculatus are described from a freshwater lake and a saline river in southwestern Western Australia. The size at hatching (7.0 mm total length) was similar to that recorded elsewhere for G. maculatus and the sequence of fin development (i.e., caudal, dorsal, anal, pectoral, and pelvic fins) was identical to that recorded for galaxiids generally. There were relative increases in the proportions of head length and body depth with larval growth and a decrease in proportion of pre‐anal length. Larvae from river habitats were smaller throughout larval stages of development than those from the lake. Fins of riverine fish began and completed development at a smaller size of fish than the lacustrine population, presumably as a response to the need for great motility at a smaller fish size in lotic environments.     

动物性饵料对脉红螺(Rapana venosa)幼体的吸引性研究

采用生态学方法进行了新鲜和煮熟的动物性饵料对脉红螺(Rapana venosa)浮游幼体的吸引作用研究。结果表明, 脉红螺浮游幼体在4螺层期是食性转换期, 且在幼体到达3螺层后期的第1—6天是投放附着基和动物性饵料的最佳时期。此外, 新鲜和熟的双壳贝类肉对脉红螺幼体有明显的吸引力, 吸附于新鲜贝肉上的4螺层幼体占吸附幼体总数的48.61%, 显著大于其它螺层幼体; 脉红螺幼体选择新鲜紫贻贝肉的比例为33.75%, 显著大于菲律宾蛤仔(24.08%)、中国蛤蜊(18.97%)和长牡蛎(23.19%); 而熟贝肉中, 长牡蛎对幼体的吸引作用显著大于紫贻贝、菲律宾蛤仔、中国蛤蜊、海湾扇贝边粉和空白对照; 新鲜紫贻贝和熟长牡蛎肉具有作为脉红螺幼体食性转换期动物性饵料的开发潜力。     

Early development of Forsterygion varium,Gilloblennius decemdigitatus,and G. tripennis (Pisces: Tripterygiidae)

In the Wellington area (central New Zealand) Forsterygion varium (Forster, in Bloch & Schneider 1801) spawns from early June to late November, Gilloblennius decemdigitatus (Clarke, 1879) from early June to early October, and G. tripennis (Forster, in Bloch & Schneider 1801) from July to October. They deposit their eggs on firm substrates below the low tide level. Egg clusters are attended by an adult fish until hatching, which in the laboratory at 11.5–13.5°C, occurs after 18 days for F. varium and 20 days for G. decemdigitatus. Development to hatching for G. tripennis takes about 21 days at 13–15°c. The egg development of all three species is illustrated. The yolk‐sac larvae (prolarvae) of F. varium, G. decemdigitatus, and G. tripennis at hatching average 5.85, 5.03, and 5.72 mm standard length respectively. Yolk‐sac larvae of F. varium have a single row of 9–17 small, stellate melanophores along the ventral midline of the tail. The yolk‐sac larvae of G. tripennis have up to nine melanophores along the ventral midline of the tail, a medium‐sized melanophore above the optic lobes, and a further two above the medulla. The yolk‐sac larvae of G. decemdigitatus have three large mid‐dorsal melanophores interspersed with five smaller, paler pigment cells, and three large mid‐ventral melanophores interspersed with three of the smaller cells.     

Geographical distribution and age composition of Euphausia superba larvae (Crustacea：Euphausiacea) in the South Shetland Islands region and southern Scotia Sea in relation to environmental conditions

Spatial distribution patterns of the different life stages of Euphausia superba in the region of the South Shet- land Islands and southern Scotia Sea （Antarctica） were assessed based on scientific survey data collected in lanuary and February of 2010. Adults, eggs, nauplii, metanauplii, calyptopis I-Ill, and furcilia I-II were found in the investigation. The abundance of larvae averaged 1 172.8 ind./mz, with calyptopis I and II as the dominant stages. Habitat occupancy patterns varied among Euphausia superba at different stages, and three sub-regions were identified by cluster analysis. The degree of larval development increased from west to east. Larvae were not observed north of the South Shetland Islands. Calyptopis I was predominant in the water between Elephant Island and the South Orkney Islands, which featured no thermocline. Older stages, including calyptopis II and III and furcilia I and II, were common in north and northeast of the South Orkney Islands, which were characterized by high temperature and high chlorophyll concentration. Distri- bution and abundance of the early life stages of E. superba were associated with specific environmental con- ditions. According to Biota-Environment matching （BIOENV）, the distributions of E. superba larvae were correlated with a combination of temperature at the surface and 200 m, and 0-100 m integrated chlorophyll a concentration.     

底栖硅藻生物膜附着基对扇贝幼虫附着和变态的影响

为了建立生态、高效的扇贝幼虫附着和变态诱导技术,采用底栖硅藻生物膜附着基对栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝开展了附着和变态诱导的现场实验。实验围绕底栖硅藻在扇贝幼虫培育池内的数量变动、存活状态、在栉孔扇贝食谱组成中的贡献以及其对两种扇贝附着和变态的诱导效果开展。结果表明,底栖硅藻附着基能极显著提高海湾扇贝和栉孔扇贝幼虫的附苗量和变态率(P<0.01)。在海湾扇贝实验中,底栖硅藻处理组比对照组附苗量提高220.19%(P<0.01),变态率和壳长两组差异不显著(P>0.05)。在栉孔扇贝实验中,底栖硅藻处理组比对照组附苗量提高43.02%(P<0.01),变态率提高87.31%(P<0.01),底栖硅藻处理组壳长和对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。对照组附着基比对照组早3d检查到变态的稚贝。底栖硅藻附着基在进入幼虫培育池的黑暗环境后光合作用受限,对于扇贝幼虫的日常管理导致底栖硅藻脱落,数量有一定的下降,但丰度最终能保持为56.0—183.9个/mm2。使用基于混合模型对栉孔扇贝稚贝食物来源进行分析结果显示金藻Isochrysis galbana对稚贝的食物贡献较高,...     

中国近海洄游日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)玻璃鳗肠道微生物菌群分析

为研究长江口日本鳗鲡玻璃鳗肠道菌群的结构与多样性特征,初步探究野生鳗鲡仔鱼的营养需求,分别采集浙江台州市、舟山市以及江苏盐城市邻近海域的玻璃鳗样品,利用16S rDNA扩增子测序技术,分析三个采样点玻璃鳗肠道优势菌群及营养代谢相关的功能差异。结果显示,三个采样点的玻璃鳗肠道菌群均以变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 68.7%～82.0%)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria,4.2%～19.0%)为主要优势菌门。在属分类水平上,不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter, 12.4%～17.3%)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas, 8.07%～13.03%)丰度较高,属固定优势菌属。此外,每个采样点样本中都含有丰富的独特细菌群,包括台州市的气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)、舟山市的内生单胞属(Endozoicomonas)和丙酸杆菌属(Cutibacterium)以及盐城市的嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)和稳杆菌属(Empedobacter),推测是受采样点不同水环境因素影响。不动杆菌、假单胞菌、内生单胞菌等菌属在多种鱼类肠道中有着消化蛋白质的功能,气单胞菌虽属于...     

饥饿胁迫条件下黑(鱼免)(Miichthys miiuy)仔鱼的生长与存活过程研究

采用实验生态学方法研究了延迟投饵对黑(鱼免)仔鱼摄食、存活生长及体成分组成的影响。结果表明,在24℃,仔鱼在3日龄时开口摄食,4日龄时卵黄囊吸收完毕,6日龄仔鱼如不能建立外源性营养即进入饥饿死亡不可逆点(PNR),而延迟投饵3天(6日龄)以上的仔鱼在8日龄前全部死亡。正常投喂仔鱼(16%)和延迟投饵1天仔鱼(15%)的存活率明显高于延迟2天投饵仔鱼(9%)。它们的高死亡(日死亡率为5%—6.5%)集中发生在3—8日龄期间,但低于3—7日龄内延迟投饵3天和完全饥饿仔鱼(日死亡率为18.5%)。在7日龄时,正常投喂仔鱼(9.9%)的特殊生长率(SGR)明显高于延迟投饵仔鱼(4.6%—8.4%)。在36日龄时,正常投喂仔鱼与延迟投饵1天仔鱼之间的生长差异消失,与延迟投饵2天的仔鱼之间的生长差异显著。延迟投饵引起开口摄食阶段仔鱼体内脂肪和蛋白质含量明显减少,但延迟投饵1—2天的存活仔鱼在后期发育过程中可以达到正常投饵仔鱼的营养水平。因此,不论在养殖条件下还是在自然水域,黑(鱼免)仔鱼必须在开口后2天之内建立起主动摄食能力才可能保证其仔鱼的正常发育、生长和存活。