Postglacial topographic evolution of glaciated valleys: a stochastic landscape evolution model

The retreat of valley glaciers has a dramatic effect on the stability of glaciated valleys and exerts a prolonged influence on the subsequent fluvial sediment transport regime. We have studied the evolution of an idealized glaciated valley during the period following retreat of ice using a numerical model. The model incorporates a stochastic process to represent deep‐seated landsliding, non‐linear diffusion to represent shallow landsliding and an approximation of the Bagnold relation to represent fluvial sediment transport. It was calibrated using field data from several recent surveys within British Columbia, Canada. We present ensemble model results and compare them with results from a deterministic linear‐diffusion model to show that explicit representation of large landslides is necessary to reproduce the morphology and channel network structure of a typical postglacial valley. Our model predicts a rapid rate of fluvial sediment transport following deglaciation with a subsequent gradual decline, similar to that inferred for Holocene time. We also describe how changes in the model parameters affect the estimated magnitude and duration of the paraglacial sediment pulse. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城市景观对住宅价格的影响——以杭州市为例

优美的城市景观是人们日常生活休闲、娱乐的场所, 给人们带来心理上的愉悦和舒适感, 对城市的品质内涵也有重要影响。由于大多数景观效益是隐性的, 其舒适性价值难以用货币价格直接测量, 国内外学者广泛采用特征价格法进行实证研究。本文以杭州市为例, 从建筑、邻里、区位、景观四个维度选择25个解释变量构建特征价格模型, 定量评估了城市内部各类景观对住宅价格的影响。实证结果表明:住宅价格与到西湖和公园的距离呈负相关关系, 而与公园的面积呈正相关关系:其中, 到西湖和最近公园的距离每增加1%,住宅价格将分别下降0.240%和0.036%;公园的面积每增大1%,附近的住宅价格则提高0.012%;广场、山景、钱塘江等景观也对周边一定范围内房价具有显着的提升作用。     

象山港海岸带景观生态风险演变研究

海岸带景观是沿海地区社会经济可持续发展的基础,研究人类活动影响下的海岸带景观生态风险演变对海岸带景观规划与景观资源的合理开发具有重要意义。本文基于1990—2010年间3期的Landsat TM/ETM+遥感数据源,结合野外实地调查,研究了象山港海岸带景观生态风险及其变化趋势。结果表明: (1)20 a间,象山港海岸带景观格局发生显著变化,耕地、海域和林地等景观类型面积呈下降趋势,而建设用地、未利用地和养殖用地不断增加;(2)1990年以来,象山港海岸带景观生态风险等级有不断增高趋势,部分低、较低等级生态风险区演变为中等级以及较高等级;(3)从不同等级生态风险区的空间分布上看,1990年以来海岸带景观低和较低等级生态风险区空间分布在沿海地区减少,而中等、较高和高生态风险区在沿海地区不断形成并向陆侧扩张。从演化速率上看,近10 a的较高和高生态风险区面积增加速率较前10 a显著加快。     

自组织双重空间聚类算法的城市扩张结构分析应用

双重空间聚类是能顾及空间连续性和属性相似性的空间数据分析,而常规空间聚类算法难以同时顾及2方面的约束条件。本文采用自组织双重空间聚类算法,对城市扩张结构分析进行了研究。通过改造自组织特征映射的最佳匹配神经元搜索的算法机制,在空间域和属性域进行迭代聚类搜索,实现了自组织双重空间聚类。以武汉市扩张斑块的位置信息和扩张程度指数为输入数据,使用自组织双重空间聚类算法,实现了城市扩张动态结构的识别。自组织双重空间聚类算法使得聚类结果,既在空间域上连续,又在属性域上相近,算法过程具有自组织性,减少了人为影响。     

Identifying slope processes over time and their imprint in soils of medium‐high mountains of Central Europe (the Karkonosze Mountains,Poland)

Soils in mountainous areas are often polygenetic, developed in slope covers that relate to glacial and periglacial activities of the Pleistocene and Holocene and reflect climatic variations. Landscape development during the Holocene may have been influenced by erosion/solifluction that often started after the Holocene climatic optimum. To trace back soil evolution and its timing, we applied a multi‐methodological approach. This approach helped us to outline scenario of soil transformation. According to our results, some aeolian input must have occurred in the late Pleistocene. During that time and the early Holocene, the soils most likely had features of Cryosols or Leptosols. Physico‐chemical and mineralogical analyses have indicated that the material was denudated (between late Boreal to the Atlantic) from the ridge and upper‐slope positions forming a colluvium at mid‐slope positions. Later, during the Sub‐Boreal, mass wasting of the remains of silt material deposited at the end of the Pleistocene age on the ridge top seems to have occurred. In addition, the cool and moist conditions caused the deposition of a colluvium at the lower‐slope positions. The next phase was characterized by the transformation of Leptosols/Cambisols into Podzols at upper‐slope or shoulder positions and to Albic Cambisols at mid‐slope positions. During the Sub‐Boreal period, Stagnosols started to form at the lower part of the slope catena. Overall, the highest erosion rates were calculated at the upper‐slope position and the lowest rates at mid‐slope sites. Berylium‐10 (¹⁰Be) data showed that the Bs, BC/C were covered during the Holocene by a colluvium with a different geological composition which complicated the calculation of erosion or accumulation rates. The interpretation of erosion and accumulation rates in such multi‐layered materials may, therefore, be hampered. However, the multi‐methodological reconstruction we applied shed light on the soil and landscape evolution of the eastern Karkonosze Mountains. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

公路走廊带景观破碎度的空间分异研究

近年来,我国公路对自然生态环境的影响随着通车里程的增加而日益显著。在公路选线的过程中,全面分析拟建公路走廊带内景观破碎度的空间分异特征,可有效减少公路修建对生态环境的不利影响。本文利用遥感分类技术和GIS(地理信息系统)空间分析方法,以湖南长湘公路走廊带某段土地斑块和景观分类为基础,借助斑块密度指数、最大斑块指数和相似邻近比指数,在斑块类型水平和景观水平两个层面全面分析公路走廊带内自然林地景观、农业景观和城乡建设景观破碎度的空间分异特征。结果表明:长湘公路走廊带内景观破碎度高的地区主要分布在大型斑块边缘、平原地区以及公路沿线;自然林地景观和农业景观的破碎度较低,城乡建设景观的破碎度较高;城乡建设景观的破碎度与公路相关性最强,表现出顺应公路走向的条带状蔓延特征。该研究成果可为公路选线方案的制订和完善提供环境影响方面的参考。     

松嫩平原西部沼泽湿地景观格局动态变化研究

湿地退化及其所带来的负面影响使人们认识到湿地生态系统生态功能的重要性.因此,作为功能研究基础的景观格局及其动态变化的研究显得尤为重要.在遥感和地理信息系统技术支持下,运用土地利用变化指数和景观格局指数模型,对处于生态脆弱区的松嫩平原西部沼泽湿地景观格局及动态变化进行了定量研究,结果表明:松嫩平原西部沼泽景观格局发生了显著变化.松嫩平原西部现有沼泽湿地面积4 488.13 km2,近50年来减少了62.54%;2000年斑块密度为1954年的1.67倍,且最大斑块面积和最大斑块周长均减小,说明沼泽景观破碎化严重;松嫩平原西部沼泽湿地分布质心发生偏移,近50年,向西北方向偏移了19.4 km,主轴方向顺时针旋转了9.23o,表明了沼泽湿地景观具有破碎化和萎缩的趋势,并且呈现出不平衡性:湿地的萎缩程度偏重于研究区的东南部;得出松嫩平原西部沼泽湿地减少及生态环境恶化主要是由该区生态环境原生脆弱性和人类不合理的开发利用方式导致的.通过景观格局变化的研究为沼泽湿地格局优化和生物保护提供参考.     

Exploring Chile: Identities and Their Relation with the Environment through the Film Football Stories

Cinema can be considered a useful tool for understanding different geographic concepts, showing physical and human factors and the interactions between them. Andres Wood's film Football Stories explores the Chilean territory allowing the observation of the differences between the north and south of the country. Geographic components such as landscapes, architectures, the impact of anthropogenic activities, social inequalities, ways of life, and city and countryside differences are analyzed, as well as the importance of location, the spatial environment, and cinematic narration. The study of geography through films could contribute to understanding of our world and to spatial knowledge.     

双台河口自然保护区濒海湿地景观变化及其管理对策研究

从国内外湿地研究进展看，濒海湿地景观变化及其管理对策研究得到人们越来越广泛的重视。以辽宁双台河自然保护区为研究区域，利用1994和1997年两期TM数据进行GIS数据处理，通过各种类型的湿地景观在该时段的面积变化得到保护区濒海湿地景观的动态变化特征，并在变化原因分析的基础上提出了一些相应的保护区管理对策，以便更好地为湿地保护和管理提供决策依据。     

青藏高原多年冻土概论

本文较系统地阐述了青藏高原多年冻土的地带性规律、冻土构造以及融区的类型和分布特征,详细论述了不同作用下形成的冻土(冰缘)地貌,并对青藏高原的冰缘期进行了初步划分与对比。