Sensitivity of bocage landscapes to surfaces run-off: Application of the kirkby index

The Breton bocage is a landscape of fields enclosed by a network of hedgerow banks and ditches. Organization of this bocage varies considerably in different areas of Brittany. However, one constant feature of the different bocage landscapes is the presence of banks enclosing bottom lands, which enclose elongated plots in the thalweg bottoms. The banks enclosing the bottom lands influence the sensitivity of the basin to surface run-off and also the presence of excess surface water zones. To analyse the part played by banks enclosing bottom lands, the topography of a typical first order basin was modelled and the existence of such a bank within the catchment was simulated. The effect of the bank on the Kirkby index, a topographical parameter defining the sensitivity of soils to surface run-off was analysed. Modification of its spatial distribution is considerable for mean values of the index. The saturation zone, the storm run-off source area, is reduced to that area of bottom land enclosed by the bank; it thus varies very little so that run-off conditions are almost constant whatever the climatic conditions. From the methodological point of view, the interest of analysing the spatial distribution of morphometric parameters of a catchment may be noted; in the example studied, the heterogeneity of the Kirkby index distribution is an important factor in the analysis.     

恐惧景观及其在旅游地理学中的应用综述

恐惧景观作为一种具有特殊意义的景观,存在于自然界和人类社会。恐惧景观在生物系统中有巨大的生态效应,同样在人-地系统中深刻影响物质景观和集体记忆等各个方面。景观知觉、景观态度以及景观与人类的互动影响是当代地理学研究的重要主题,但对恐惧景观的研究仍然较为薄弱。文章对恐惧景观的概念和研究内容进行系统梳理,并探讨其在旅游地理学中的应用。主要结论包括：1）恐惧景观在生态学研究中已经形成恐惧生态学,相比而言,其他学科领域尚处于探索阶段。2）生态学对恐惧景观的定义和研究内容是动物的捕食风险感知,在其他相关研究学科上则主要从人与地方/空间之间的恐惧景观的呈现形式和景观感知进行研究。3）从恐惧景观、游客及情感三者的关联看,可以发现恐惧景观在旅游地理学的应用主要集中于情感地理、黑色旅游和情感特性3个方面。最后,提出未来可以跨学科多角度、情感心理及以黑色旅游为切入点对恐惧景观进行探索,深化旅游地理学领域的研究内容。     

The Heat Island Effect Response to the Urban Landscape Pattern of Haikou based on the “Source-Sink” Theory

The Landsat images of the 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2018 are selected as the data source to retrieve land cover and surface temperature data. The contribution of Sink-Source landscape pattern to the heat island and its ecological effects on urban and rural gradient were analyzed by using Heat Index (HI), Sink and Source Landscape Contribution (CI_sink, CI_source) and Landscape Effect Index (LI) in Haikou. The results show that the heat island is concentrated on the West Coast, and in the central urban and Jiangdong New Area; the HI shows a pattern of decreasing value with the following land types: “Bare land>Artificial surface﹥Source landscape>Shrub grassland>Farmland>Sink landscape>Woodland>Water body”. In the central city section, the CI_sink and CI_source are relatively large in these five periods. The LI decreases rapidly along the urban-rural gradient, promoting the Urban Heat Island (UHI) to a large degree. In contrast, the suburban area contributes to a lesser degree. Overall, the LI fluctuates, the proportion of mitigating UHI is large, and there is a second peak outside the city center. The existing Source-Sink Landscape contributes the most to UHI in the central urban area, and this contribution decreases along the urban-rural gradient. With the continuous expansion of city-town areas, the proportion of Sink areas has increased along the gradient, and the proportion of Source areas has subsequently declined, resulting in the spatial transfer and diffusion of UHI. Therefore, a UHI mitigation strategy based on the theory of regional landscape systems is proposed here.     

Spatio-temporal patterns and driving mechanism of farmland fragmentation in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain

Exploring the spatio-temporal variations of farmland landscape patterns in a traditional agricultural region can provide scientific support for decision-making on sustainable rural land use and rural vitalization development. This study established a comprehensive evaluation index for farmland fragmentation with multiple aspects (dominance, integrity, aggregation, regularity, and connectivity) at the county scale. The goal was to identify the evolution of farmland fragmentation in the traditional agricultural region of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain during 2000-2015 and investigate underlying drivers using panel data of 359 counties. Results showed an accelerating but fluctuating fragmentation pattern of the farmland landscape. The indexes of dominance, integrity, and aggregation of farmland decreased most sharply, while the index of connectivity increased. Furthermore, the evolution of the farmland fragmentation pattern showed significant spatio-temporal heterogeneity, which is similar to the trajectory of urbanization and land use transition. Farmland fragmentation in municipal districts also emerged earlier and was more severe than in county-level cities and counties. Factors influenced by advancing urbanization include the proportion of artificial land, population density, and proportion of primary industry; these factors drove the evolution of farmland fragmentation. In contrast, the increase in income of rural residents and production efficiency of farmland were the key factors contributing to the improvement in farmland connectivity.     

Simulating urban growth by integrating landscape expansion index (LEI) and cellular automata

Traditional urban cellular automata (CA) model can effectively simulate infilling and edge-expansion growth patterns. However, most of these models are incapable of simulating the outlying growth. This paper proposed a novel model called LEI-CA which incorporates landscape expansion index (LEI) with CA to simulate urban growth. Urban growth type is identified by calculating the LEI index of each cell. Case-based reasoning technique is used to discover different transition rules for the adjacent growth type and the outlying growth type, respectively. We applied the LEI-CA model to the simulation of urban growth in Dongguan in southern China. The comparison between logistic-based CA and LEI-CA indicates that the latter can yield a better performance. The LEI-CA model can improve urban simulation accuracy over logistic-based CA by 13.8%, 10.8% and 6.9% in 1993, 1999 and 2005, respectively. Moreover, the outlying growth type hardly exists in the simulation by logistic-based CA, while the proposed LEI-CA model performs well in simulating different urban growth patterns. Our experiments illustrate that the LEI-CA model not only overcomes the deficiencies of traditional CA but might also better understand urban evolution process.     

平坦低地农业区人类活动影响下地形对森林分布的影响（英文）

Complex topography buffers forests against deforestation in mountainous regions.However,it is unknown if terrain also shapes forest distribution in lowlands where human impacts are likely to be less constrained by terrain.In such regions,if important at all,topographic effects will depend on cultural-historical factors and thus be human-driven(anthropogenic) rather than natural,except in regions where the general climate or extreme soils limit the occurrence of forests.We used spatial regression modeling to assess the extent to which topographic factors explain forest distribution(presence-absence at a 48×48 m resolution) in a lowland agricultural region(Denmark,43,075 km2) at regional and landscape scales(whole study area and 10×10 km grid cells,respectively),how landscape-scale forest-topography relationships vary geographically,and which potential drivers(topographic heterogeneity,forest cover,clay content,coastal/inland location) determine this geographic heterogeneity.Given a moist temperate climate and non-extreme soils all landscapes in Denmark would naturally be largely forest covered,and any topographic relationships will be totally or primarily human-driven.At regional scale,topographic predictors explained only 5% of the distribution of forest.In contrast,the explanatory power of topography varied from 0%–61% at landscape scale,with clear geographic patterning.Explanatory power of topography at landscape scale was moderately dependent on the potential drivers,with topographic control being strongest in areas with high topographic heterogeneity and little forest cover.However,these conditioning effects were themselves geographically variable.Our findings show that topography by shaping human land-use can affect forest distribution even in flat,lowland regions,but especially via localized,geographically variable effects.     

三维GIS在不动产登记管理中的应用研究

随着土地利用向立体化、复杂化发展,不动产登记管理迫切需要向立体化模式转变。将三维景观构建技术用于不动产登记管理,能够立体直观地表现地、楼、房之间的空间关系。本文研究了将二维GIS数据用于查询分析、关联三维模型用于显示的二维向三维扩展的方式,具有一定的实践意义。     

土地利用数据用于景观格局分析的研究

在阐述景观格局定量分析的基础上,探讨了土地利用现状数据用于景观格局分析的整合内容、过程及方法,并例举了用于景观格局分析的计算方法与分析,以期说明土地利用数据的多元应用性。     

渤海海岸带地区土地利用时空演变及景观格局响应

综合利用RS、GIS和景观生态学方法,以渤海海岸带地区1995、2000、2005和2008年土地利用分布图为基础, 分析了渤海海岸带地区近13年间的土地利用时空演变及其景观响应,得到以下结论：（1）渤海海岸带地区土地利用 年动态变化率在2000年—2005年间最大,为0.40%;2005年—2008年段次之;1995年—2000年间最小;（2）下辽河平 原、海河平原以及黄河三角洲地区为土地利用动态发生的主要区域;（3）监测期内,城乡、工矿、居民用地的面积扩 展明显,且主要来源于其周边的优质耕地,但在耕地流向城乡、工矿、居民用地的同时,有较大面积的林地和草地转 向耕地,因此监测期内耕地的总面积变化不大,海域向陆地土地利用类型的转化（即填海造陆）是该区域一种特殊的 土地利用动态类型,并随着时间推移速度越来越快;（4）整个区域在监测期内表现出多种土地利用类型（未利用地、 水域等）的小型斑块被整合,而优势土地利用类型（主要是耕地和城乡、工矿、居民用地）的大型斑块则积极向外扩 展的发展态势,整个景观表现出多样性和均匀度减小而优势度增加的趋势。     

基于TM影像的曲阜市农村居民点空间景观分析

以曲阜市为研究区,利用2005年TM遥感影像,经过校正、人机交互目视解译得到该研究区空间景观结构矢量图,提取居民点斑块,然后利用景观生态学数量方法分析研究区农村居民点空间景观分布特征.研究表明,研究区农村居民点规模较小,分布零散,平原地区农村居民点平均面积为15.67 hm2,山区居民点平均面积为7.94hm2.这样的...