The mixed-bed glacial landform imprint of the North Sea Lobe in the western North Sea

During the last glacial cycle an intriguing feature of the British-Irish Ice Sheet was the North Sea Lobe (NSL); fed from the Firth of Forth and which flowed south and parallel to the English east coast. The controls on the formation and behaviour of the NSL have long been debated, but in the southern North Sea recent work suggests the NSL formed a dynamic, oscillating terrestrial margin operating over a deforming bed. Further north, however, little is known of the behaviour of the NSL or under what conditions it operated. This paper analyses new acoustic, sedimentary and geomorphic data in order to evaluate the glacial landsystem imprint and deglacial history of the NSL offshore from NE England. Subglacial tills (AF2/3) form a discontinuous mosaic interspersed with bedrock outcrops across the seafloor, with the partial excavation and advection of subglacial sediment during both advance and retreat producing mega-scale glacial lineations and grounding zone wedges. The resultant ‘mixed-bed’ glacial landsystem is the product of a dynamic switch from a terrestrial piedmont-lobe margin with a net surplus of sediment to a partially erosive, quasi-stable, marine-terminating, ice stream lobe as the NSL withdrew northwards. Glaciomarine sediments (AF4) drape the underlying subglacial mixed-bed imprint and point to a switch to tidewater conditions between 19.9 and 16.5 ka cal BP as the North Sea became inundated. The dominant controls on NSL recession during this period were changing ice flux through the Firth of Forth ice stream onset zone and water depths at the grounding line; the development of the mixed-bed landsystem being a response to grounding line instability. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The morphological development of alpine valley heads in the Antarctic Peninsula

Glaciation has continued in Antarctica for longer than anywhere else on Earth, so the long-term development of glaciated landforms can be investigated. Complex alpine valley heads up to 36 km wide are found in the Antarctic Peninsula. The largest of these may represent an advanced stage of alpine glaciation, having evolved from the earliest corries which could have developed around the early Oligocene. This study is based on a morphometric analysis of the plan form of 1680 alpine valley heads. This is a much larger sample than used by any previous study. Skewed distributions of dimensional properties (width, length and area) suggest that small corries are continually being added to the population, as older ones are enlarged and some eliminated by coalescence and ice sheet erosion. Very large features are found only in parts of Graham Land and Alexander Island, where lack of high-level ice sheet erosion has allowed the forms of mountain glaciation to dominate the landscape. The attainment of an equilibrium planform shape is suggested by the persistence of an equidimensional form, the development of characteristic or limiting values of other morphometric properties, e.g. planform closure and basin order, and by the intercorrelation of morphometric properties. A combination of branching and coalescence is fundamental in the development of corries. The latter results both in widening, which counteracts the tendency towards lengthening observed by other workers, and also in a limit to basin complexity. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

流域地貌特征对流域水文响应的影响分析

针对目前研究流域地貌特征与流域水文响应的指标具有随意性、主观性以及地貌特征与流域水文响应之间相关性较多、定量化较少等现象,求解出河道和坡面水流运动方程的格子玻尔兹曼方法解,进而构建了基于LBM的汇流模型,计算出黑龙江流域25个研究流域的单位线。分析了单位线要素与流域面积、流域长度和流域宽度之间的相关性,并给出了定量公式。研究结果表明:时间面积曲线由于受到水动力扩散作用比距离面积曲线变得平滑,可以用单位化的时间面积曲线定量单位线,但当一个流域的时间面积曲线有多个大的极值接近时峰现时差和洪峰拟合的不好。研究结果可为定量化流域水文响应和流域水文模型的参数率定提供方法和定量公式。     

地表水入渗引起工程抗浮问题及对策

城市地下空间利用日趋受到重视,工程抗浮问题成为岩土工程领域的一个重要部分。对于建筑物整个使用期的抗浮研究相对深入,但往往对于由工程施工本身引起的、改变水文地质条件后可能存在的抗浮问题不够重视。近年来,信阳市垄岗地貌分布区高层建筑及整体地下车库建设规模较大。由于垄岗地形地貌的岩土体渗透性较差,同时该地区5—8月份暴雨较为集中,地表水通过肥槽等薄弱环节进入基础底板以下,易造成地下结构破坏。结合具体案例,研究地表水入渗引起工程抗浮问题并提出相应措施,工程实践效果良好。     

重载列车荷载作用下雅丹边坡的动力响应分析

以新建青海省地方铁路鱼卡至一里坪线经过的雅丹地貌为研究对象,选择邻近已建铁路,对不同速度重载列车引起的地面振动进行现场实时测试,从频域和时域两方面分析振动加速度在雅丹场地中的衰减特性.通过地质勘察,建立雅丹边坡的振动分析模型,利用数值模拟分析存在软弱夹层的典型雅丹边坡在不同运行速度下的加速度和位移响应规律,并计算雅丹场...     

基于DEM的黄土崾岘提取及其地形特征分析

崾岘是将要被切穿的鞍部,是正负地形矛盾斗争的结果,也是重要的地形控制点。典型的崾岘多位于黄土高原黄土地貌区,又称黄土崾岘,其对识别沟间地与沟谷的斗争程度有一定的指示作用。本文以黄土高原样区为例,基于1:1万DEM（5 m分辨率）和影像分辨率为0.95 m的遥感影像,利用流域边界算法和缓冲区标定,分析窗口选择5×5,实现了崾岘点位的半自动化提取。并对各崾岘点位求取坡度等地形因子,总结崾岘的空间格局和地形特征。结果显示,崾岘多分布在主流域边界和垂直于主沟道的最宽部分,地形控制作用明显。崾岘的坡度、起伏度、切割深度等值均大于鞍部值,同时,高级流域区的崾岘值大于低级流域区的崾岘值,反映出崾岘具有侵蚀程度强、表层完整性低、地表破碎度高的特点。总体而言,崾岘受沟道蚕食度高,从侧面反映了黄土地貌的发育阶段,是黄土地貌发育到中期的标志性产物。     

栅格DEM微地形分类的BP神经网络法

栅格DEM微地形分类是数字地形精细化应用的基础,基于规则化知识的栅格DEM微地形分类方法存在自动化程度低、分类残缺等问题。本文利用BP神经网络的优势构建了栅格DEM微地形分类的人工智能方法与实现途径。以山体部位分类为微地形分类典型样例进行试验验证与分析,试验结果表明,栅格DEM微地形分类的BP神经网络法较已有的地形因子叠加分析方法存在明显优势,不仅在流程上可避免烦琐的数据叠加分析过程,而且分类结果的完整性和错分率都得到有效改善;在山体部位分出的6种微地形中,冲积地对该方法适应性最强,准确率为100%,背坡的适应性最弱准确率为89.23%。     

剑门关丹霞地貌类型景观格局时空变化研究

基于遥感和GIS技术,以SPOT数据作为主要的数据源,分别提取了1990年、2000年和2010年剑门关局部地区丹霞地貌类型景观格局信息,通过计算多种景观指数,分析了不同坡度、坡向和时空上丹霞地貌类型景观格局的变化情况。研究结果表明丹霞地貌景观格局变化随坡度、坡向等因子的不同表现出差异性,国家政策和人类活动影响是其景观格局变化的主要因素。     

柴达木盆地雅丹形态特征及成因

雅丹是沟槽和垄脊相间排列的典型风蚀地貌,雅丹研究是风沙地貌学科的薄弱环节。结合遥感影像和气象数据,对柴达木盆地雅丹地貌的分布、形态特征和发育环境进行了研究。结果表明:柴达木盆地雅丹体形态参数长(l)与宽(w)之间具有良好的正相关关系,即l=3.8685w+7.7109;雅丹地貌的形态受地形、地层性质、气候条件和外力等因素影响;柴达木盆地主风向为WNW和NW,与该区域雅丹的长轴走向吻合,说明研究区雅丹的形成主要靠风蚀作用。     

Planation surfaces on the Tibet Plateau, China

A planation hypothesis is proposed to explain landform evolution of the Tibet Plateau. A denudation threshold （T）, the maximum potential denudation rate for a certain type of rock, is introduced to explain the combined effects of lithology and tectonics on landform evolution. If the tectonic uplifting rate （U） is equal to or less than the threshold rate （U ≤ T）, the tectonic uplifting and terrain denudation are in dynamic equilibrium, and landforms are in a steady state. The end product should be planation surfaces whether the original landforms are flat plains or deeply dissected mountains. If U 〉 T, uplift and denudation are not able to reach a dynamic equilibrium state. The plateau surface is mostly underlain by soft rocks, such as the Mesozoic epimetamorphic argillites and Tertiary sedimentary rocks, while the mountain ranges comprise hard rocks, such as granite, gneiss and limestone. In soft rock regions, hills are low with a relative relief of mostly less than 100 m and the slopes are gentle at a gradient of 〈200. In contrast, hills can maintain steep slopes in hard rock regions. The Tibet Plateau has been under an equilibrium condition between tectonic uplifting and denudation except for the mountain ranges. The plateau might have reached the present altitudes before the Quaternary.