Aquatic vegetation dynamics in two pit lakes related to interannual water level fluctuation

Water regime characteristics have been recognized as critical factors for aquatic vegetation. In this study, we examined changes in aquatic vegetation coverage area in two shallow sub-lakes of Poyang Lake (Bang Lake and Cuoji Lake) during the dry season from 1987 to 2017. The relationships between eight water regime components (annual average water level, annual maximum water level, annual minimum water level, and flooded days at five water levels [11, 13, 15, 17, and 19 m]) and aquatic vegetation coverage area were determined. The most critical water regimes were identified and results demonstrated that aquatic vegetation coverage area in Bang Lake and Cuoji Lake peaked in drier years (2005 and 2009, respectively) with no obvious up or down trend. Water regimes indicating high flow events such as annual maximum water level, flooded days at water level 19 m, and annual average water level were found to be more important for predicting aquatic vegetation. High-flow events appear to be essential for understanding aquatic vegetation dynamics in pit lakes, yet overall the influences of water level fluctuation on aquatic vegetation varied among wetland units of Poyang Lake. This study helps to understand the hydroecological dynamics in connected lakes further and provide a reference for the lake management and protection.     

全新世中期相对稳定的长江水位造成约3000年的湖泊沉积缺失

长江中下游地区浅水湖泊密布,全新世该区湖泊沉积的模式还不清晰。本研究在长江中下游的南漪湖、升金湖和菜子湖这3个湖泊开展了多钻孔AMS ¹⁴C测年工作,测年结果显示这些湖泊沉积地层中广泛出现长时间尺度的沉积物缺失。南漪湖湖泊钻孔的沉积物¹⁴C年龄介于5668~7828 cal.a B.P.,菜子湖湖泊钻孔的沉积物¹⁴C年龄介于6221~7929 cal.a B.P.,升金湖围垦区钻孔¹⁴C年龄介于6302~7049 cal.a B.P.。结合该地区以往湖泊钻孔研究资料,发现全新世长江中下游两岸洼地湖泊存在较广泛的6~3 ka的沉积间断。结合长江水位重建资料,笔者提出关于全新世湖泊沉积存有长期间断的新认识：即6~3 ka,长江水位相对平稳,湖泊沉积物虽有堆积,但易于被侵蚀搬运造成沉积间断;与此对应的是,在约8~7 ka,海面上升造成长江水位较快上升,由于顶托作用,湖泊沉积物持续堆积;在约3 ka以来,由于人类活动的影响,以及长江水位的进一步上升,湖泊沉积物也易于堆积,但在一些湖区沉积物也会被侵蚀。在6~3 ka之间湖泊沉积物易于被侵蚀的一个可能原因是该时段长江上游来沙来水减少,自然堤易被破坏,对两岸湖泊洼地的封堵作用减少,使得湖泊泥沙易被侵蚀入江。

     

城市浅水型湖泊底泥释磷的通量估算--以南京玄武湖为例

以南京玄武湖为研究对象,通过静态条件下5℃、10℃、15℃、25℃、35℃玄武湖底泥释磷室内实验计算玄武湖释磷速率,得出底泥释磷速率与上覆水温度的关系,进而算出玄武湖北湖每年磷释放量为0．815 t,东南湖每年磷释放量为 1．013t,西南湖每年磷释放量为0．266t．玄武湖每年底泥释磷总量为2．094 t．根据费克定理,建立了间隙水扩散模型,利用模型计算玄武湖北湖每年磷释放量为0．799 t,东南湖每年磷释放量为0．983 t,西南湖每年磷释放量为0．232 t．玄武湖每年底泥释磷总量为2．014t．在不考虑外源污染的情况下,由底泥磷释放造成的内源污染使玄武湖磷浓度年均维持在 0．101 mg/L,超过湖泊富营养化磷标准,因此,在切断外源污染的情况下应采取措施治理磷的内源污染．     

太湖流域典型中小型湖泊富营养化演变分析(1991-2010年)

通过分析太湖流域的中小型湖泊富营养化指标近20年的变化趋势,探讨流域富营养化特征的总体演变趋势.从全流域看,总氮浓度在近20年里呈稳中略降的趋势;而总磷浓度在近20年里有较明显上升趋势;作为营养物上升的直接响应指标叶绿素a呈快速上升趋势,平均值从1991年的7.0μg/L上升至2010年的27.5μg/L,20年间上升了近3倍,叶绿素a数据离散程度出现大幅上升,标准差从1991年的1.25μg/L上升至2010年的19.06μg/L,说明各湖富营养化程度的空间分异性在加大,藻华风险增加;透明度在近20年中虽有波动,但整体仍呈下降趋势.综合营养状态指数(TLIc)计算结果显示,近20年过水型湖泊淀山湖和昆承湖的TLIc指数明显高于封闭型湖泊水源地尚湖和傀儡湖.典型过水型湖泊(淀山湖)、封闭型湖泊水源地(尚湖和傀儡湖)以及典型的渔业生产型湖泊(长荡湖)的富营养化演变过程有所差异,主要受湖泊本身自然属性、污染控制强度、管理模式、功能定位等影响.     

Late Glacial and Holocene chironomid assemblages in Lac Long Inférieur (southern France, 2090 m): palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic implications

Changes in lake water temperature and trophic states were inferred using chironomid fossil assemblages from Lac Long Inférieur (Southern Alps, France). In the Late Glacial, a colder period, possibly analogous to the Younger Dryas, is characterised by a peak in Micropsectra, a cold stenothermic taxon. The increase in temperatures during the Late Glacial interstadial is indicated by a decrease in the percentages of cold stenothermic taxa (Tanytarsus lugens/Corynocera oliveri grp.) and by an increase in taxa linked to the development of vegetation in the littoral zone. The beginning of the Holocene is marked by the presence of taxa adapted to warmer and more eutrophic waters. During the Holocene, the progressive warming of the climate and increase in lake trophic status were indicated by the increase of eutrophic and warmer water indicators. An increase in tributary inflow into Lac Long Inférieur was also inferred by the increase in rheophilous taxa, reflecting increased snowmelt. During the Subatlantic, the composition of the chironomid spectra suggests a re-cooling of the climate and/or a decrease in lake trophic status.     

The effects of wet and dry seasons on concentrations of solutes and phytoplankton biomass in seven Ethiopian rift-valley lakes

The chemical characteristics and phytoplankton biomass (measured as chlorophyll-a concentrations) of seven lakes and one reservoir in the Ethiopian rift-valley were studied during the wet and dry seasons between 1990 and 2000. Mean concentrations of three major plant nutrients (nitrate-nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus, and silicate) increased during the wet seasons in four of the seven lakes, presumably as a result of mixing events and input from runoff. The changes in the major nutrient concentrations in the rest of the lakes were variable, but concentrations were usually higher during the dry seasons, most likely as a response to temporal variation in the phytoplankton biomass. pH measurements of the lakes did not show marked differences between the wet and dry seasons. Salinity (measured as conductivity) and total ions seemed to increase during the wet seasons in some of the lakes, possibly as a result of inflows that might carry high concentrations of solutes due to the heavy rains. Chlorophyll-a concentrations were higher during the dry seasons in most lakes except in three relatively more productive lakes. The results suggest that there could be light limitation in some of the Ethiopian rift-valley lakes, and events associated with the wet and dry seasons could bring about contrasting changes in nutrient levels and phytoplankton biomass in lakes, depending on the physical characteristics of the lakes.     

基于RS的辽河下游牛轭湖50年演变研究

辽河下游与入海口处是中国重要的湿地区域之一,该地区河流众多,河曲发育,平原上遗留有很多废河道和牛轭湖。利用50年来6个不同时相的美国锁眼卫星KH-4A和Landsat卫星系列MSS、TM、ETM、OLI-TIRS遥感影像及研究区1:250000地质图,采用目视解译和计算机图像处理相结合的方法,对遥感影像进行几何校正、镶嵌、裁剪以及图像增强等处理后,进行河道专题信息提取,结合相关历史资料,分析了1963—2013年辽河下游50年期间牛轭湖的演变。结果表明:过去50年来,辽河下游在河道形态、河漫滩土地利用等方面都发生了重大变化;人为因素对牛轭湖演变的影响增大,从20世纪80年代开始,区域内水利工程建设和农田改造等人类活动间接影响着牛轭湖的演变;近年来,辽河下游牛轭湖演变速度呈现变缓趋势,1963—1984年期间,河曲快速发育并演变成牛轭湖;1984—2002年期间,河曲变化减缓;2002—2013年期间,牛轭湖的演变基本趋于停滞状态。     

Influence of sediment grain size and mineralogy on testate amoebae test construction

Testate amoebae are increasingly used for environmental monitoring as well as paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Paleoecological interpretations of testate amoebae assemblages depend on the understanding of the ecological processes operating today. We then ask the question of the link between testate structure and its environment. This study analyses both the grain size and mineralogical assemblage of tests of common species belonging to the genus Centropyxis and Difflugia. It is concluded that grain size is a limiting factor for test construction, whereas mineral composition is not. Hence, when analyzing agglutinated testate amoebae for paleoenvironmental reconstructions, it should be taken into account the mean grain size of the sediment. A non-appropriate grain-size probably inhibits the development of a testate amoebae specific assemblage.     

库水硼镁石和柱硼镁石形成过程的实验研究

通常认为库水硼镁石难以形成,柱硼镁石在室温附近难以得到。通过从浓缩盐湖卤水中得到的复盐2MgO·2B2O3·MgCl2·14H2O在H3BO3或MgCl2水溶液中的溶解相转化实验,在室温附近获得了这两种镁硼酸盐。在此实验基础上,推测了青藏高原盐湖中库水硼镁石和柱硼镁石矿物可能的形成过程及反应机制,并指出复盐相转化成盐为青藏高原盐湖所有镁硼酸盐沉积矿物的形成提供了一种实验解释。     

太湖富营养化现状及原因分析

根据2005-2006年太湖湖泊生态系统研究站的监测结果,结合历史监测记录,评价了近5年来太湖富营养化的趋势.结果显示,从2000年以来,太湖的富营养化状况有加重趋势.主要表现在:1)与历史监测资料对比,近5年来无论梅梁湾还是湖心区,夏季水体TN、TP含量均呈增高趋势,如1992-2001年,太湖湖心区夏季(6-8月份)水体TN的平均值为1.706 mg/L (范围1.238-2.266mg/L),而2002-2006这5年间该平均值为2.344mg/L(范围1.924-2.717mg/L),明显高于前10年(p=0.005),另外,同期湖心区夏季的水体透明度则明显下降(1992—2001年夏季平均值为0.63 m,而2002-2006年则为0.34 m,p=0.003); 2)从野外调查看,太湖夏季水华暴发的范围越来越大,从2000年以前的梅梁湾、竺山湾及部分湖西区为主,发展到2006年的整个西太湖,夏季暴发水华的面积占太湖总面积的一半以上,且一年中出现水华的时间越来越长,水华出现的频率越来越高,微囊藻水华为特征的藻型生态系统在大太湖似乎越来越稳定;3)近年来太湖沉水植物分布区的面积有所下降.研究表明,太湖近年来富营养化的现状不容乐观,原因可能与近几年异常的气候和水文条件有关,也可能与水草区的不断破坏而减弱了微囊藻水华的生态竞争有关,应引起有关部门重视.