城市浅水型湖泊底泥释磷的通量估算--以南京玄武湖为例

以南京玄武湖为研究对象,通过静态条件下5℃、10℃、15℃、25℃、35℃玄武湖底泥释磷室内实验计算玄武湖释磷速率,得出底泥释磷速率与上覆水温度的关系,进而算出玄武湖北湖每年磷释放量为0．815 t,东南湖每年磷释放量为 1．013t,西南湖每年磷释放量为0．266t．玄武湖每年底泥释磷总量为2．094 t．根据费克定理,建立了间隙水扩散模型,利用模型计算玄武湖北湖每年磷释放量为0．799 t,东南湖每年磷释放量为0．983 t,西南湖每年磷释放量为0．232 t．玄武湖每年底泥释磷总量为2．014t．在不考虑外源污染的情况下,由底泥磷释放造成的内源污染使玄武湖磷浓度年均维持在 0．101 mg/L,超过湖泊富营养化磷标准,因此,在切断外源污染的情况下应采取措施治理磷的内源污染．     

新疆的硝酸盐盐湖

本文重点介绍了新疆盐湖的硝酸盐和硝酸盐盐湖，并对其成因进行了探讨．     

淡水碳酸盐湖泊中CaCO3—CO32-—HCO3-—CO2化学平衡对CO2的缓冲作用——以贵州百花湖为例

水体吸收的CO2转变为HCO3-,构成了碳酸盐水化学系统对CO2气体的缓冲,通常用Revelle因子（R）表征。陆地淡水系统释放的CO2是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,一方面,湖泊水体释放的CO2是来源于流域碳酸盐风化产物的输入,另一方面,碳酸盐的缓冲作用也是调节内陆水体CO2释放的重要因素,这两个结论看似是矛盾的。为了揭示碳酸盐循环对水体CO2的影响与缓冲机制,本研究选取一个碳酸盐岩地区的季节性分层湖泊（百花湖）,分析Revelle因子变化,并与非碳酸盐湖泊进行比较。结果发现,碳酸盐岩湖泊Revell因子平均为20.1±8.1（8.0~50.0）,大于表层海水的10.0（8.0~15.0）,也远大于非碳酸盐地区湖泊的3.9±3.9,较高的Revelle因子意味着对CO2的缓冲能力更弱。Revelle因子最大值46.4出现在夏季分层期的中部斜温层,对应的无机碳浓度为2.1 mmol?L-1、pH为8.38、总无机碳与碱度比接近1.0、CO2/CO32-等于1.0。实际观测与理论分析结果完全吻合,表明碳酸盐化学平衡是控制湖泊Revelle因子变化的主要因素。低pH的非碳酸盐岩系统可以溶解碳酸盐矿物,使pH升高,碱度增加,导致Revelle因子升高,在碳酸盐溶解达到平衡时Revelle因子升至最大。其后,无论是光合作用导致的碳酸盐沉淀还是呼吸作用导致的碳酸盐溶解,Revelle因子都会降低,新陈代谢导致碳酸盐系统的CO2缓冲能力增强。     

Limnology of Two Antarctic Epishelf Lakes and their Potential to Record Periods of Ice Shelf Loss

George VI Ice Shelf is the largest ice shelf on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula and its northern margin marks the southern most latitudinal limit of recent ice shelf retreat. As part of a project to reconstruct the long-term (Holocene) history of George VI Ice Shelf we studied two epishelf lakes impounded by the ice shelf at Ablation Point, on the east coast of Alexander Island. These lakes, Moutonnée and Ablation, are stratified water bodies with a lower marine layer and an upper freshwater layer. To determine if their sediment records could be used to detect past changes in the presence or absence of the ice shelf it was necessary to describe their present-day limnology and sedimentology. We measured water column chemistry and sampled the water column and sediments of the lakes along vertical and horizontal transects. We analysed these samples for diatoms, stable isotopes (δ¹⁸O, δ²H, δ¹³C_DIC, δ¹³C_org), geochemistry (TOC, TN, C/N ratios) and physical sedimentology (grain-size). This was supplemented by chemical and biological reference data from the catchments. Results showed that the water columns of both lakes are nutrient limited and deficient in phytoplankton. Benthic productivity is low and decreases with depth. Comparison of water column chemistry with an earlier survey shows a net increase in the thickness of the freshwater layer in Moutonnée Lake between 1973 and 2001, which could indicate that George VI Ice Shelf has thinned during this period. However, a similar trend was not observed in Ablation Lake (5 km to the north) and an alternative explanation is that the changes are a seasonal phenomena. Data from the surface sediment transects identified a number of proxies that respond to the present day stratification of the water column including diatom species composition, stable isotopes and geochemistry, particularly in Moutonnée Lake. Collectively these data have been used to develop a conceptual model for determining past ice shelf configuration in epishelf lakes. Specifically, periods of past ice shelf loss, and the removal of the ice dam, would see the present stratified epishelf lake replaced by a marine embayment. It is suggested that this change would leave a clear signature in the lake sediment record, notably the deposition of an exclusively marine biological assemblage, increased ice rafted debris and δ¹³C_org values that are indicative of marine derived organic matter. These authors contributed equally to this work     

Phytoplankton composition and dynamics in three shallow temporary salt lakes (Monegros, Spain)

The present study deals with phytoplankton composition and dynamics of three ephemeral saline lakes (La Muerte, Piñol and Sulfúrica) situated in one of the most arid inland zone in Europe (Los Monegros). The lakes show marked differences among one another, although they are all temporary, shallow and saline systems (>30 g l⁻¹). La Muerte is dominated by microbial mats that are absent from the other two. Piñol is more exposed to strong winds than the other two lakes and exhibits higher turbidity. Sulfúrica appears to be the most extreme system, with the highest salinity, which leads to a complete absence of macrozooplankton. Phytoplankton composition in these lakes varies as a consequence of the different physico-chemical conditions; it is fundamentally composed of typical hypersaline species such as Dunaliella sp., Aphanothece sp., and soil benthic species (e.g. Hantzschia amphyoxis) that appear to play an important role in these systems. Comparative analysis of the microbial component (phytoplankton diversity and temporal evolution) under in situ conditions and the presence of various abiotic and biotic factors, including the impact of macrozooplankton grazing, shows that it is easy to overlook large differences in the community structure of apparently similar ecosystems. The present study is a contribution to the understanding of the often-neglected microbial ecology of ephemeral shallow lakes.     

Global climatic changes since the last glacial maximum: evidence from paleolimnology and paleoclimate modeling

Recognition that Earth/Sun orbital changes are the basic cause for Quaternary climatic variations provides a context for explaining global environmental changes, many of which are preserved in the stratigraphic and geomorphic record of lakes. Paleoclimatic numerical models suggest the mechanisms. In subtropical latitudes such as North Africa the enhanced summer insolation culminating about 10 000 years ago resulted in the increased monsoonal rains that explain the widespread expansion of lakes in now-desert basins. But in the American Southwest lake expansion dates to 18 000–15 000 years ago, when storm tracks were displaced to the south by the ice sheets—themselves a product of earlier orbital changes. The dynamics in the resopnse of different components of the natural system to climatic change are recorded in the stratigraphy of lake sediments, not only by their pollen content as a manifestation of the regional vegetation but also by their microfossils and chemical composition as reflections of lake development.This is the 10th in a series of papers published in this special AMQUA issue. These papers were presented at the 1994 meeting of the American Quaternary Association held 19–22 June, 1994, at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Dr Linda C. K. Shane served as guest for these papers.     

亚热带城市湖泊与河流CO2气体通量特征及其影响因素

湖泊、河流等内陆水体是连接陆地生态系统和海洋的“长程碳环路”的重要节点,也是温室气体二氧化碳(CO₂)排放源,在调节陆地、海洋间的碳迁移转换中发挥着重要作用。相对于自然水体,城市水体因面积小、水深浅且受监测方法限制,水-气界面碳通量经常被忽略。为探讨我国亚热带城市水体温室气体排放特征,本研究以湖南省长沙市典型城市水体,包括洋湖、西湖、松雅湖、月湖4个湖泊和湘江长沙段为研究对象,分别于2022年4和10月采用光化学反馈-腔增强吸收光谱法(OF-CEAS)和扩散模型法对水-气界面CO₂通量进行对比测定。结果表明,长沙城市湖泊与河流春季为CO₂排放源,秋季为吸收汇,河流水-气界面CO₂通量呈显著季节差异。河湖之间CO₂通量在春季表现为显著差异,秋季差异不显著。CO₂通量与水体溶解氧、水体总氮浓度等呈显著正相关。2种方法的CO₂通量对比测定在湖泊上显著相关,但对河流而言相关性不显著。研究揭示的城市湖泊与河流CO₂气体的排放特征有利于深入探究城市水体碳的迁移转化,可对全面了解全球气候变化过程和河湖湿地温室气体减排和调控提供科学支撑。     

WATER QUALITY STUDIES IN MALAYSIAN DISUSED MAN MADE LAKES FOR SUITABILITY OF AN AQUACULTURE PROJECT

1INTRODUCTIONWater is an essential component of an eco-sys-tem.It sustains life on the earth.A community de-pends on water for its domestic,agricultural and in-dustrials needs.According to Ackefors,et al.(1994),the term water quality'in the context ofaqua…     

中东亚干旱区全新世气候变化的西风模式—以湖泊研究为例

综述了亚洲中部干旱区湖泊研究的古气候记录.发现湖泊记录的全新世有效湿度在大框架上具有一致性变化.据此,选择了其中年代可靠、代用指标湿度意义明确、时间分辨率较高的8个地点的记录,半定量地集成了中东亚干旱区全新世期间湿度的变化.结果表明,亚洲内陆干旱区全新世气候变化具有较清晰的阶段性变化,大约8cal kaBP以前的早全新世气候干旱,8-4cal kaBP的中全新世气候湿润,从距今5-6cal kaBP以来湿润程度逐步降低到晚全新世,但晚全新世比早全新世湿润.内陆干旱区的全新世湿度变化框架与最新获得的亚洲季风变化模式存在较大差异,因此推论出,北大西洋海洋表面的温度变化可能是中东亚干旱区湿度的主要影响因素.