柴达木盆地中部与西南部古沙丘的光释光年代学研究

青藏高原东北部的柴达木盆地广泛分布着风成沉积,其中古沙丘主要分布在盆地东部、中部三湖区和西南缘。柴达木盆地中部和西南部两处古沙丘集中分布区靠近柴达木盆地盐湖区,与盐湖的演化有着密不可分的联系,但是这些古沙丘的形成时代至今没有具体研究。本文应用光释光定年的单片再生剂量法对这两个区域典型的古沙丘进行了风成砂沉积年代测定。结果显示研究区古沙丘的堆积开始于约4~3 ka,并延续至0.5 ka之后被固定,其形成与柴达木盆地晚全新世气候的干旱和盆地内湖泊退缩引起的砂源增加有关;古沙丘下伏的河流相沉积物形成于末次冰消期（12.6±0.8 ka）。古沙丘的固定事件对应青藏高原东北部的冰川前进期,冰川前进期的低温条件可以引起盆地内蒸发量下降和有效湿度相对增加,从而促使植被条件改善并最终使沙丘固定。     

异龙湖流域湿地生态系统健康评价

湿地生态系统健康状况评价为湿地资源的合理开发、生态系统的维护提供了重要的借鉴。在充分了解异龙湖流域湿地资源环境的基础上,结合湖泊湿地生态系统的概念及内涵,采用PSR(压力-状态-响应)框架模型和生态系统健康指数计算方法对研究区湿地生态系统健康状况进行评价。结果表明:(1)异龙湖流域湿地生态系统健康评价综合分值(Y)为2.8494,处于[2,3]之间,属于脆弱状态;(2)从三大指标状况来看,压力指标(P)、状态指标(S)和响应指标(R)在评价等级中的得分及表现情况分别为0.7368(脆弱状态)、1.1620(亚健康状态)和0.9506(亚健康状态);(3)人口密度、人类活动强度、单位面积化肥和农药负荷、水土流失强度、湖泊水富营养化、人们的环保意识等指标是影响流域内湿地生态系统健康状况的关键因素,人为因素占主导地位。     

THE RESEARCH ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND FORMS OF HEAVY METALS IN THE XIANGJIANG RIVER SEDIMENTS

In this paper, the contents and various forms of Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb in the sediments of the Xiangjiang River have been investigated. The presentation of this paper focuses on the various forms and characteristics of the heavy metals in the column sediments at Xiawan Port of Zhuzhou, which has been severely polluted by a metallurgical plant.The forms of the heavy metals discussed in this paper are: The concentration of the exchangeable forms of Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb, in the forms of carbonates and Fe/ Mn oxide in water, the combination of Cu with organic matter and form, and the proportion of the residue form at each section have been studied.     

Analyses of the Compositional Characteristics and Sources of the Organochlorine Pesticides in the Surface Sediments of Guanghai Bay,Taishan City,Guangdong Province

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are a class of toxic and harmful persistent organic pollutants widely found in environment. Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs) and DDTs are two of the most widely used OCPs (Qiu et al., 2004), so it is important to find out their compositional characteristics and sources in surface sediments. Guanghai Bay is located in the south of Guanghai Bay Industrial Park in Taishan City, Guangdong Province. It borders Huangmaohai to the east and Zhenhai Bay to the west, covering an area of about 236 square kilometers. In this study, surface sediments were collected at 16 sites in Guanghai Bay (Fig. 1). After the surface sediments were pretreated, GC‐MS was used to analyze OCPs. A total of 14 OCPs were detected and their content was shown in Table 1. The concentration of ΣOCPs ranged between 0.507～0.860ng·g‐1, with an average of 0.680 ng?g‐1. In general, the content of ΣOCPs was the highest at No. A12 site. The concentrations of these 14 detected OCPs ordered as dieldrin > epoxy heptachlor > P, P'‐DDD > γ‐HCH >endrin >aldrin > P, P'‐DDE >mirex >hexachlorobenzene >P, P'‐DDT > α‐HCH > δ‐HCH >β‐HCH > heptachlor.     

Snow disaster characteristics in Palongzangbu River Basin and mitigation countermeasures for road engineering

The Palongzangbu River Basin contains the highest number of maritime province glaciers in China.There are 130 glacial lakes,64 snow avalanche sites and 28 glacial debris flow gullies distributed within the basin.Snow disasters play a controlling role in the Sichuan-Tibet Highway construction,due to the terrain's special characteristics of high altitude and large height differential.Segmentation mitigation countermeasures for the Sichuan-Tibet Highway are presented based on snow disaster severity level and damage mode of the road.In the Ranwu to Midui section,snow avalanches are regional disasters, so the line should be placed in sunny slopes.In the Midui Gully to Yupu section,the line should be placed in shady slopes and at higher elevations to reduce the risk of glacial lake outburst.In the Yupu to Guxiang section,all three snow disasters are minimal.In the Guxiang to Tongmai section,glacier debris flows are the major threat,thus the road should be placed in shady slopes.     

毛乌素沙地布寨淖尔下风向沙化湖滨地表沉积物理化特性

布寨淖尔湖是鄂尔多斯高原毛乌素沙地腹地的代表性盐湖,其东南部分布着平坦裸露的沙化湖滨\,湖岸沙丘及半固定沙丘,地表均沉积有大量沙物质与粉尘,这些松散富盐物质在风力侵蚀作用下常形成盐碱尘暴,威胁下风向区域的生态环境安全。研究了布寨淖尔湖东南部区域2.5 km范围内地表沉积物的土壤粒度与理化特性,旨在为盐碱尘暴源区的防治与生态治理提供基础科学参考。结果表明:布寨淖尔湖滨裸露地表沉积物以粗砂、中沙和细砂为主;从湖心沿东南方向等距离(0.5 km)采样,距湖心越远,粗砂和细砂含量逐渐减小,极细砂、粉砂和黏土含量逐渐增加,中砂含量无明显变化。地表沉积物含水率、容重随与湖心距离的增加逐渐增加,pH值、全盐量及电导率则呈逐渐减小趋势;沉积物阳离子以Na⁺为主,阴离子以Cl^-为主,其次为SO₄^2-、HCO^-₃。整体看,区内地表碱化较为严重,区域下风向土壤理化特征呈明显有规律变化趋势,湖滨地表土壤有明显风蚀迹象,可能是盐碱尘暴与湖岸沙丘形成的重要物源区。     

基于遥感技术的太湖近15年面积动态变化

本文利用80年代后期以来不同时期的LANDSAT卫星遥感图像,研究了近15年太湖的面积变化状况。研究结果表明:从1988年到2003年的15年来,太湖面积共减少9.0226km2,其中湖泊围垦了4.4584km2,湖滩地面积0.6968km2,取土围堰面积3.8674km2.     

艾比湖原核微生物菌群结构演变与环境因子关系分析

用非培养法获得新疆维吾尔自治区艾比湖湖底沉积物原核微生物菌群组成,并与已有盐湖原核微生物菌群数据进行比对,分析湖泊由淡水湖向盐湖演替过程中原核微生物群落结构变化规律。实验获得艾比湖原核微生物16S rRNA基因序列,并从NCBI数据库下载赛里木湖、柴窝堡湖和顿巴斯他乌盐湖3个湖泊的非培养原核微生物16S rRNA基因序列数据。用不同盐湖细菌和古菌16S rRNA序列信息构建系统发育树并与其理化指标进行典型性相关分析。同源比对及聚类结果显示,艾比湖湖底沉积物中细菌包括4个门,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)占克隆文库的64%,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占9.4%,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)占3.4%,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)占2.6%,此外含有未分类类群20.6%。古菌含有两个门,广古菌门(Euryarchaeota,98.3%)和盐纳古菌门(Nanohaloarchaeota,1.7%)。不同盐湖系统发育树结果显示,随盐度增加,盐湖细菌从变形菌门向拟杆菌门演替;古菌从奇古菌门和泉古菌门向广古菌门和盐纳古菌门演替。RDA结果显示,Na⁺、Cl-、SO₄2-和矿化度对盐湖原核微生物多样性结构起到决定性的作用,K⁺、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺对艾比湖菌群结构影响作用最为显著。原核微生物群落会随着湖水盐浓度的增加和盐湖化学成分的不同而发生演替。     

Stable carbon isotope ratios in lake and swamp sediments as a proxy for prehistoric forest clearance and crop cultivation in the Neotropics

Close correspondence between stable carbon isotope ratios ( ¹³ C), pollen, and charcoal profiles in sediment cores from Laguna Zoncho and Machita swamp, Costa Rica, shows that prehistoric forest clearance and crop cultivation can be detected in the stable carbon isotope ratios of total organic carbon ( ¹3C _TOC ). Analyses of δ 13C _TOC complement evidence from pollen, charcoal, and phytoliths and provide a proxy that is sensitive to the intensity and/or proximity to core sites of prehistoric forest clearance and agriculture in watersheds. Stable carbon isotope analyses are particularly useful in situations in which other evidence of forest clearance and agriculture is limited.