1735—1911年汉江流域季节旱涝等级序列的重建与特征分析

基于汉江流域雨雪分寸等史料记录的特点,以发生地区、影响程度和持续时间为衡量标准,提出了利用史料重建汉江流域季节旱涝等级序列的方法,重建了1735—1911汉江流域7府（州）四季的旱涝等级序列,据此分析了各府（州）1735—1911年季节上的旱涝变化特征。结果表明：① 汉中府、兴安府、商州和南阳府有更多的春季、夏季、冬季偏旱年,而郧阳府、襄阳府和安陆府有更多的春季、夏季偏涝年和秋季偏旱年;② 夏季和秋季旱涝等级的波动明显,而春季和冬季旱涝等级的波动较小;③ 年代际尺度上来看,汉江流域,1820s—1840s偏涝,1850s、1870s偏旱;④ 影响较大的季节连旱事件多发生在19世纪,而影响较大的季节连涝事件多发生在夏季和秋季。这一研究,对汉江流域定量化气候研究具有一定的价值,也为汉江流域未来的降水变化研究提供了数据支持。     

2014-11-22康定MS6.3地震加速度记录的时频分析与震害特征

采用一种基于聚类经验模态分解（EEMD）的HHT方法提取康定M_S6.3地震强震记录的时频特性,通过对各台站获取的强震动加速度记录进行EEMD和Hilbert变换及谱分析,并与Fourier变换进行对比研究。结果表明,对于非线性的强震记录,采用EEMD能有效抑制EMD中存在的模态混叠问题。康定震区震害调查结果发现,“崩科”藏式建筑房屋表现出的震害特征较严重。通过Hilbert边际谱分析可以看出,震区台站主频集中在10 Hz左右,瞬时能量谱高频段信息较为丰富,而藏式建筑较差的抗震性也是造成震区“崩科”藏式结构房屋表现出震害偏重的重要原因。     

The mantle,CO2 and the giant Aptian chemogenic lacustrine carbonate factory of the South Atlantic: Some carbonates are made,not born

During the Aptian (Cretaceous), in what is now the South Atlantic, the largest chemogenic (abiotic) carbonate factory so far identified in the Phanerozoic geological record developed as a vast hyper-alkaline lake system. This covered at least 330 000 km², producing carbonates, locally over 500 m thick, in what are now the offshore Santos and Campos basins (Brazil), and Kwanza Basin (Angola). Current evidence supports the view that almost all of this carbonate was chemogenic in origin, precipitated from hyper-alkaline, shallow lake waters, probably by evaporation. This unit, best documented from offshore Brazil and known as the Barra Velha Formation (Santos Basin) and the Macabu Formation (Campos Basin), consists of just two basic carbonate components, millimetre to centimetre sized crystal shrubs and spherulites. These are commonly in situ but can also be reworked into a range of detrital facies. Demonstrable microbialites are generally rare. These carbonates are associated with Mg silicates (as clays) which had a profound influence not only on the textural development of the in situ carbonates, but also on their diagenesis. The dissolution of the clays produced much of the porosity in these limestones, which are the hosts for multi-billion barrel oil fields. The source of the carbonate was most likely from metasomatic alteration of mafic rocks, such as continental flood basalts related to Atlantic opening, with some contribution from much older continental basement. Clear evidence that serpentinization of possible exhumed mantle is lacking but mantle CO₂ is likely to have been a critical factor in determining the composition of the fluids from which the carbonates formed and the high alkalinities of the lake waters.     

中国湖相碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素时空特征及其古湖泊学意义

湖相碳酸盐岩是一种分布极其广泛的陆相碳酸盐岩。中国湖相碳酸盐岩沉积始于二叠纪—三叠纪,经侏罗纪—白垩纪发展,鼎盛于古近纪,具有沉积时间跨度长、分布面积广的特征。碳酸盐岩发育方式多样,常以多个单层、薄夹层状、互层状、韵律沉积为主,也见以结核状或钙质微体化石等薄层赋存于泥岩、页岩等细粒碎屑岩中。湖相碳酸盐岩δ¹³C值介于-10.0×10^-3~+10.0×10^-3之间,多数为-5.0×10^-3~+5.0×10^-3,正负值均有。二叠系—三叠系δ¹³C发生负偏,侏罗系—白垩系先正向漂移随后负偏,古近系—新近系再次正偏,达最大值约+5.0×10^-3。氧同位素δ¹⁸O值介于-20.0×10^-3~+2.0×10^-3之间,多数为-15.0×10^-3~-0.0×10^-3,几乎全部为负值。二叠系—三叠系、侏罗系—白垩系碳酸盐岩δ¹⁸O值在-15.0×10^-3~-3.0×10^-3之间变化,古近系—新近系δ¹⁸O值明显正偏移,多数位于-10.0×10^-3~0.0×10^-3。中国湖相碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素相关性分析表明,δ¹³C与δ¹⁸O密切相关,且δ¹³C值多正值或轻微负值,指示湖泊为封闭型咸水—半咸水环境;δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O不相关,δ¹³C值为负值,指示湖泊为开放型淡水环境。     

青藏高原冰芯定年方法回顾及新技术展望北大核心CSCD

冰芯高分辨率高保真地记录了过去不同时间尺度气候环境变化历史,而冰芯精确定年是重建过去气候环境演化的先决条件。通过回顾青藏高原冰芯定年的常用方法,提出了目前冰芯定年仍存在的挑战和机遇。通常的冰芯定年方法包括基于冰芯季节变化信号的数年层方法、放射性标志层定年、冰川流动模型、基于其他已知时间序列的对比定年,以及放射性同位素定年。最可靠的方法是数年层的方法,但受到冰川中下部年层逐渐减薄的制约,冰川流动模型主要应用于冰芯中下部定年,但存在不确定性较大而且难以验证的难题。未来冰芯学科发展对冰芯定年提出了更高要求,随着测量技术与手段的突破,新的方法与技术开始在极地冰芯与高山冰芯定年研究中展示了广泛的应用前景。冰芯连续测量技术(如冰芯同位素连续测量技术、激光剥蚀等离子体质谱技术)大幅度提高了冰芯测量结果的时间精度,有可能把数年层的定年方法延推到冰芯底部;基于“原子阱痕量分析”(Atom Trap Trace Analysis,ATTA)的惰性气体(Kr、Kr、Ar)放射性测年技术是一项革命性的技术,由于惰性气体在大气中的稳定性与均匀性使其在不同时间尺度冰川冰的绝对定年中发挥出优势。低浓度的可溶性有机碳的14C定年也从实验室探索阶段开始转入试用阶段,而且用冰量低,有望解决冰芯中碳含量低,定年困难的窘迫状况。此外,人类活动影响之前处于自然背景下的冰芯3H低本底测量技术结合数据处理方法,有望恢复过去100~200年与太阳活动周期相关的信号,将补充放射性标志层只有近代结果的不足。这些新的技术与方法在冰芯定年中的应用有望进一步推动中低纬度高山冰芯研究。     

Sedimentary Processes and Depositional Characteristics of Coarse-grained Subaqueous Fans along Steep Slopes in a Lacustrine Rift Basin: A Case Study from the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China

Coarse-grained subaqueous fans are vital oil and gas exploration targets in the Bohai Bay basin, China. The insufficient understanding of their sedimentary processes, depositional patterns, and controlling factors restricts efficient exploration and development. Coarse-grained subaqueous fans in the Yong′an area, Dongying Depression, are investigated in this study. These fans include nearshore subaqueous fans, and sublacustrine fans, and their sedimentary processes, depositional patterns and distribution characteristics are mainly controlled by tectonic activity and paleogeomorphology. Nearshore subaqueous fans developed near the boundary fault during the early–middle deposition stage due to strong tectonic activity and large topographic subsidence. Early sublacustrine fans developed at the front of the nearshore subaqueous fans in the area where the topography changed from gentle to steep along the source direction. While the topography was gentle, sublacustrine fans did not develop. During the late weak tectonic activity stage, late sublacustrine fans developed with multiple stages superimposed. Frequent fault activity and related earthquakes steepened the basin margin, and the boundary fault slopes were 25.9°–34°. During the early–middle deposition stage, hyperpycnal flows triggered by outburst floods developed. During the late deposition stage, with weak tectonic activity, seasonal floods triggered hyperpycnal flows, and hybrid event beds developed distally.     

川中龙岗地区下侏罗统大安寨段沉积相分析及有利储集层预测

应用钻井、测井和地震等资料对川中龙岗地区下侏罗统大安寨段的沉积相类型及其展布特征进行了研究,将大安寨段的湖泊相沉积划分为4个亚相及若干微相。大安寨段沉积时期的沉积展布及演化主要受湖平面升降控制,经历过一次较大规模的水进水退旋回:大三沉积时期发生水进,主体为浅湖—半深湖沉积;大一三沉积时期水体最深,主体为半深湖沉积;大一三沉积晚期发生水退,到大一沉积晚期湖平面已降至较低水平,主体为滨浅湖沉积,介壳灰岩发育。沉积相带在平面上具有明显的环带状展布特征,据此建立了大安寨段沉积模式。大一段主要发育5个介壳滩,是最有利于储集层发育的沉积相带。储集岩类型主要为介壳灰岩和泥质介壳灰岩,结合裂缝发育分析,预测了3个有利储集层区带。