Sedimentation History of Neogene Lacustrine Sediments of Su?eo?ka Bela Stena Based on Geochemical Parameters (Valjevo-Mionica Basin, Serbia)

Sediments of the western part of the Valjevo-Mionica basin （Serbia） were examined both geochemically and mineralogically to explain, on the basis of their sedimentologicai characteristics, the causes of changes in their qualitative and quantitative composition. A total of 62 samples obtained from the drillhole at depths up to 400 m was investigated. Using correlation of the obtained data, six geochemical zones were defined, two of which being specially distinguished by their mineralogical, geochemical and sedimentological characteristics. The first one, upper zone A, consists of banded marlstones interbedded with clay and oil shales and is characterized by presence of analcite and searlesite. These minerals and very high contents of Na20 indicate sedimentation in alkaline conditions with increased salinity in arid climate. That provided pronounced water stratification, as well as higher bioproductivity in the basin and sedimentary organic matter preservation. Therefore, the zone A sediments are characterized by high organic matter contents of the type which provides good potential for production of liquid hydrocarbons. Another specific zone, zone F, contains sediments with very high MgO, K2O and Li concentrations. Their geochemical correlation, as well as almost complete absence of illite in this zone, indicates the presence of interstratified clay mineral type illite-saponite （lithium-bearing Mg-smectite）.     

赣北黄茅潭湖泊沉积记录的240年以来古洪水事件

古洪水研究是近几十年来全球变化研究的一个热点,同时也是难点。本文利用赣北黄茅潭的湖泊沉积,建立了小冰期以来全球变暖背景下的区域洪水记录。采用²¹⁰Pb和¹³⁷Cs方法厘定了地层年代,基于粒度与元素地球化学指标的对比分析,揭示了器测记录(1950年)以来指标记录的特点与区域日降水超过50 mm天数的关系,认为黄茅潭HMT-01孔粒度(包括粗粉砂+砂/粘土比值、平均粒径)和Zr/Rb、Ti/Rb、Zr/Fe比值可作为洪水指标记录,共识别出1950-2010年期间记载的13次洪水事件中的11次。基于这些指标记录及指标特点,共识别1769-1950年间由历史文献记录的31次洪水事件中的23次,识别率达74.2%。研究表明：①湖泊沉积中Zr/Rb、Ti/Rb、Zr/Fe比值和粒度参数(平均粒径、粗粉砂+砂/粘土)作为洪水指标,对洪水事件沉积有较好的指示作用,且Zr/Rb比值对洪水事件的检出率较高;②黄茅潭流域洪水发生频率暖期高于冷期;③年代际尺度上,1820s-1840s,1860s-1870s为19世纪冷期黄茅潭洪水高频期,这两个阶段对应东亚夏季风偏强,长江中下游地区降雨较多;20世纪赣北黄茅潭洪水基本随1920s-1940s,1980s-1990s两个变暖阶段而高频出现,与长江中下游大洪水演变特点基本一致。研究结果为利用湖泊沉积记录反演过去的洪水变化,延长洪水序列、认识洪水规律提供了一定的科学依据。     

柴达木盆地西部地层的风力侵蚀对黄土高原物源贡献的研究进展

柴达木盆地是我国西北地区最干旱的盆地之一,常年盛行强劲的西北风,尤其在冬春季更甚。柴达木盆地西部地区自新生代以来沉积了巨厚的河湖相沉积。自上新世晚期以来,随着气候的逐步干化和盆地内部构造变形的加剧,该地区风力侵蚀地貌开始出现。早更新时出现的古盐壳和古雅丹地貌说明当时侵蚀已经相当剧烈。晚更新时以来,气候的极端干旱化和冰期的出现,更加促进了风蚀地貌的发育,在强劲的低空风力的雕刻下,形成了盆地西部几万平方千米的“百万雅丹”地貌,十分壮观。柴达木盆地不同地区风蚀地层的厚度和速率都不同,最大可达3 km和1.1 mm/yr,如此巨量的物质搬运必然为下风向的地区(都兰、青海湖地区、西宁盆地、黄土高原)的粉尘堆积提供可观的物源物质。研究表明,柴达木盆地西部被侵蚀的古湖相地层是上述地区,尤其是黄土高原重要的物源物质。随着研究的深入,其盆地内侵蚀物质输送到黄土高原的机制,已被学界越来越清晰的认识。     

The nature and origin of sideritic ironstone bands in the Tertiary Lowmead and Duaringa Basins,Queensland

Sideritic ironstones in Tertiary lacustrine oil shale from the Lowmead and Duaringa Basins in Queensland, contain two distinctive types of siderite in the ironstone bands: sphaerosiderite in the mudstone and coal, and finely crystalline siderite in the lamosite. The petrological evidence indicates that the siderite in the ironstone bands formed eogenetically by growing displacively within the soft sediment. Chemically the siderite is very pure though the sphaerosiderite sometimes shows compositional zoning. Stable oxygen and carbon isotope analyses of the siderite show a wide range of values from ‐12.8‰ to ‐2.4 %₀ δ¹⁸O (PDB) and ‐5.5‰ to +12.9‰ δ¹³C (PDB) for the Lowmead Basin; and ‐9.6‰ to ‐1.2‰ δ¹⁸O (PDB) and ‐18.6‰ to +16.4‰ δ¹³C (PDB) for the Duaringa Basin. The oxygen isotope data indicate that the siderite formed in freshwater environments but not in isotopic equilibrium with the formation waters. Kinetic factors offer the most plausible explanation for the anomalously light δ¹⁸O values of many of the siderites. The carbon isotope data show that the carbonate for the formation of the siderite originated predominantly from methanogenic fermentation processes but there was also the varying influence of bacterial oxidation processes. The different petrological and isotopic characteristics of the ironstones broadly reflect variations in their depositional environments and the variable eogenetic conditions in which the siderite formed. There is no suitable single model to explain the genesis of all the different types of ironstones other than that a synsedimentary iron‐enrichment process is involved.     

Occurrence of Bindheimite in North‐West Queensland

Bindheimite has been identified in specimens from the Lvov Lease, N.W. Queensland. Chemical, microscopic and X‐ray data are given for the mineral which was found to possess a cubic lattice with a unit cell dimension of 10–427 A.     

Holocene Lake Evolution in the Elmali Basin,Southwest Turkey

The spatial coverage of paleoecological research from southwestern Turkey is expanded by reporting on a ca. 12,690 ¹⁴C yr BP (14,935 cal yr BP) proxy record recovered from the Elmali basin. Four AMS radiocarbon age determinations, the litho-stratigraphic analysis of a lake bed core, and the analysis of subsurface sediment samples from 15 shallow auger holes across the basin document sedimentation patterns during the Holocene. Based on the widespread occurrence of Chara gyrogonite, and several species of ostracoda and gastropoda, the Elmali basin was dominated by lacustrine and palustrine environments but was continually influenced by alluvial fan sedimentation. Contrasting stratigraphy in the Kara Göl and Avlan Gölü sub-basins is a result of basin morphology, and possibly hydrologic control by karst features, and sub-basin isolation due to alluvial fan development. The cyclical deposition of marl/lime mud, gyttja, and peat in the Kara Göl core is indicative of periodic fluctuations in water level across a broad shallow basin, whereas the continuous clay record observed at Avlan Gölü implies deep-water sedimentation within a plugged former karst collapse feature. Calcareous clay deposited between 14,935 and 11,180 cal yr BP signals the growth and expansion of paleo Lake Elmali, which at its peak during the late Pleistocene, may have inundated over half of the of the 180 km² Elmali basin.     

巴西桑托斯盆地白垩系湖相藻叠层石礁特征及主控因素分析

湖相碳酸盐岩研究正处于不断探索和认识阶段,近年来国内外大量湖相碳酸盐岩储层的发现,使主要借鉴海相碳酸盐岩理论的湖相碳酸盐岩研究得到关注和重视,并取得一定的成果和认识。巴西桑托斯盆地白垩系藻叠层石礁是湖相碳酸盐岩一种特殊的储层类型,对于丰富湖相碳酸盐岩理论具有重要意义。通过对地震剖面的振幅反射结构,钻井岩性剖面,岩芯沉积结构、构造观察,岩芯薄片孔渗及成岩分析,测井曲线反映的沉积物粒序变化及旋回组合特征等现象的综合分析,总结出了白垩系藻叠层石礁的主要特征及主控因素。藻叠层石礁以叠层石为格架,藻类的黏结作用使其成为大面积连片发育的黏结礁,其孔渗发育,是良好的储层。发育和分布主要受物源供给、古隆起、水体变化和藻类改造四种因素的控制。咸水环境下,在远离碎屑物源影响的水下古隆起上,水侵体系域时期,适应环境较强的叠层石繁盛,藻类的黏结作用使其成为具有格架结构的黏结礁,沿巴西桑托斯盆地东部隆起带大面积发育。     

中国湖相碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素时空特征及其古湖泊学意义

湖相碳酸盐岩是一种分布极其广泛的陆相碳酸盐岩。中国湖相碳酸盐岩沉积始于二叠纪—三叠纪,经侏罗纪—白垩纪发展,鼎盛于古近纪,具有沉积时间跨度长、分布面积广的特征。碳酸盐岩发育方式多样,常以多个单层、薄夹层状、互层状、韵律沉积为主,也见以结核状或钙质微体化石等薄层赋存于泥岩、页岩等细粒碎屑岩中。湖相碳酸盐岩δ¹³C值介于-10.0×10^-3~+10.0×10^-3之间,多数为-5.0×10^-3~+5.0×10^-3,正负值均有。二叠系—三叠系δ¹³C发生负偏,侏罗系—白垩系先正向漂移随后负偏,古近系—新近系再次正偏,达最大值约+5.0×10^-3。氧同位素δ¹⁸O值介于-20.0×10^-3~+2.0×10^-3之间,多数为-15.0×10^-3~-0.0×10^-3,几乎全部为负值。二叠系—三叠系、侏罗系—白垩系碳酸盐岩δ¹⁸O值在-15.0×10^-3~-3.0×10^-3之间变化,古近系—新近系δ¹⁸O值明显正偏移,多数位于-10.0×10^-3~0.0×10^-3。中国湖相碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素相关性分析表明,δ¹³C与δ¹⁸O密切相关,且δ¹³C值多正值或轻微负值,指示湖泊为封闭型咸水—半咸水环境;δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O不相关,δ¹³C值为负值,指示湖泊为开放型淡水环境。     

青藏高原冰芯定年方法回顾及新技术展望北大核心CSCD

冰芯高分辨率高保真地记录了过去不同时间尺度气候环境变化历史,而冰芯精确定年是重建过去气候环境演化的先决条件。通过回顾青藏高原冰芯定年的常用方法,提出了目前冰芯定年仍存在的挑战和机遇。通常的冰芯定年方法包括基于冰芯季节变化信号的数年层方法、放射性标志层定年、冰川流动模型、基于其他已知时间序列的对比定年,以及放射性同位素定年。最可靠的方法是数年层的方法,但受到冰川中下部年层逐渐减薄的制约,冰川流动模型主要应用于冰芯中下部定年,但存在不确定性较大而且难以验证的难题。未来冰芯学科发展对冰芯定年提出了更高要求,随着测量技术与手段的突破,新的方法与技术开始在极地冰芯与高山冰芯定年研究中展示了广泛的应用前景。冰芯连续测量技术(如冰芯同位素连续测量技术、激光剥蚀等离子体质谱技术)大幅度提高了冰芯测量结果的时间精度,有可能把数年层的定年方法延推到冰芯底部;基于“原子阱痕量分析”(Atom Trap Trace Analysis,ATTA)的惰性气体(Kr、Kr、Ar)放射性测年技术是一项革命性的技术,由于惰性气体在大气中的稳定性与均匀性使其在不同时间尺度冰川冰的绝对定年中发挥出优势。低浓度的可溶性有机碳的14C定年也从实验室探索阶段开始转入试用阶段,而且用冰量低,有望解决冰芯中碳含量低,定年困难的窘迫状况。此外,人类活动影响之前处于自然背景下的冰芯3H低本底测量技术结合数据处理方法,有望恢复过去100~200年与太阳活动周期相关的信号,将补充放射性标志层只有近代结果的不足。这些新的技术与方法在冰芯定年中的应用有望进一步推动中低纬度高山冰芯研究。     

The mantle,CO2 and the giant Aptian chemogenic lacustrine carbonate factory of the South Atlantic: Some carbonates are made,not born

During the Aptian (Cretaceous), in what is now the South Atlantic, the largest chemogenic (abiotic) carbonate factory so far identified in the Phanerozoic geological record developed as a vast hyper-alkaline lake system. This covered at least 330 000 km², producing carbonates, locally over 500 m thick, in what are now the offshore Santos and Campos basins (Brazil), and Kwanza Basin (Angola). Current evidence supports the view that almost all of this carbonate was chemogenic in origin, precipitated from hyper-alkaline, shallow lake waters, probably by evaporation. This unit, best documented from offshore Brazil and known as the Barra Velha Formation (Santos Basin) and the Macabu Formation (Campos Basin), consists of just two basic carbonate components, millimetre to centimetre sized crystal shrubs and spherulites. These are commonly in situ but can also be reworked into a range of detrital facies. Demonstrable microbialites are generally rare. These carbonates are associated with Mg silicates (as clays) which had a profound influence not only on the textural development of the in situ carbonates, but also on their diagenesis. The dissolution of the clays produced much of the porosity in these limestones, which are the hosts for multi-billion barrel oil fields. The source of the carbonate was most likely from metasomatic alteration of mafic rocks, such as continental flood basalts related to Atlantic opening, with some contribution from much older continental basement. Clear evidence that serpentinization of possible exhumed mantle is lacking but mantle CO₂ is likely to have been a critical factor in determining the composition of the fluids from which the carbonates formed and the high alkalinities of the lake waters.