有机插层蛭石对有机污染物苯酚和氯苯的吸附特性研究

分别应用溴化十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)和溴化十六烷基吡啶(HDPY)改性插层级石对苯酚和氮苯两种非离于型环境污染物进行吸附性能研究。结果表明，蛭石原矿对苯酚和氮苯的吸附能力很小，经表面活性剂处理后其吸附能力大大增强。有机插层级石对苯酚的吸附具有表面吸附特征，其吸附等沮线为Freundish型；而对氮苯的吸附实际上是氮苯在水相与有机级石中有机相之间的一种分配过程，其吸附等沮线为直线型。苯酚和氮苯的竞争吸附并末减弱有机蛭石对氯苯的吸附能力，反而由于它们同时存在产生协同效应，使有机插层蛭石对氯苯总的吸附能力有所提高。     

P点铅及其应用意义

在铅同位素研究中，异常铅是经常遇到并难于解释的问题。在一个矿区或矿带范围内，某些矿床的铅同位素资料中往往显示存在两种类型的铅：具有单阶段演化历史的正常铅和具有两个(或多个)阶段演化历史的异常铅。在常规的铅同位素组成图解上，这两种铅的数据点有时构成异常铅等时线，正常铅则位于等时线上含放射性成因铅最低的位置处。如果这种正常铅能给出合理的矿化年龄，并且该年龄与容矿围岩的成岩年龄基本一致，但显著老于异常铅瞬间增长模式年龄，那么，这种正常铅可能是异常铅等时线的起点，笔者称其为P点铅。显然，异常铅是后期放射性成因铅加入到P点铅形成的，P点铅的模式年龄为异常铅来源区的年龄：利用P点铅及异常铅等时线的资料，可以计算获得异常铅的矿化年龄。因此，P点铅这个概念的提出，为探讨矿化年龄问题开辟了一条新途径。文章还以加拿大和北欧地区某些矿床的铅同位素资料为例，讨论了在实际成矿过程中是否有P点铅存在的问题，讨论了P点铅在矿床成因研究中的重要意义。并给出了如何判断P点铅的具体条件。     

Groundwater chemistry within a plateau neighboring Matsumoto city,Japan

The change in groundwater chemistry along the groundwater flow path in the Matsumoto tunnel vicinity was studied, and the origin of the groundwater and dissoluted substances was determined. The relationship between the concentration of HCO₃ ^–, Ca²⁺, and Na⁺, and CO₂ gas pressure in the groundwater indicated that the HCO₃ ^–, Ca²⁺, and Na⁺ were produced by the reaction of the CO₂ gas in the groundwater and feldspar in the rocks. The relationship between the concentration of NO₃ ^– and the Eh and pH values in the groundwater indicated that in an oxidative condition, ammonia-oxidizing and nitriteoxidizing bacteria used NH₄ ⁺ and produced NO₃ ^– and H⁺, and in a reductive condition, denitrifying bacteria used NO₃ ^– and produced N₂ gas and OH^–. The stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic ratio in the groundwater and precipitation indicated that the groundwater originated from precipitation that had fallen on the area. The concentration of³H and the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic ratios in the groundwater suggested that it has been getting warmer climatically for more than 60 years. The stable carbon isotopic ratio indicated that the HCO₃ ^– in the groundwater, excluding deep well water, originated from CO₂ gas produced by organic matter in the soil. The deep well water, which had a higher concentration of HCO₃ ^– than the other groundwater sampled, was thought to have acquired HCO₃ ^– though contact with rocks. The³⁶Cl/Cl ratio indicated the recharge age of the deep well water sampled at a depth of 760 m at the foot of the plateau was recent.     

Properties of the Aftershock Sequences of the 2003 Bingöl, M D = 6.4, (Turkey) Earthquake

Aftershock sequences of the magnitude M _{W =}6.4 Bingöl earthquake of 1 May, 2003 (Turkey) are studied to analyze the spatial and temporal variability of seismicity parameters of the b value of the frequency-magnitude distribution and the p value describing the temporal decay rate of aftershocks. The catalog taken from the KOERI contains 516 events and one month’s time interval. The b value is found as 1.49 ± 0.07 with Mc =3.2. Considering the error limits, b value is very close to the maximum b value stated in the literature. This larger value may be caused by the paucity of the larger aftershocks with magnitude M _D ≥ 5.0. Also, the aftershock area is divided into four parts in order to detect the differences in b value and the changes illustrate the heterogeneity of the aftershock region. The p value is calculated as 0.86 ± 0.11, relatively small. This small p value may be a result of the slow decay rate of the aftershock activity and the small number of aftershocks. For the fitting of a suitable model and estimation of correct values of decay parameters, the sequence is also modeled as a background seismicty rate model. Constant background activity does not appear to be important during the first month of the Bingöl aftershock sequences and this result is coherent with an average estimation of pre-existing seismicity. The results show that usage of simple modified Omori law is reasonable for the analysis. The spatial variability in b value is between 1.2 and 1.8 and p value varies from 0.6 to 1.2. Although the physical interpretation of the spatial variability of these seismicity parameters is not straightforward, the variation of b and p values can be related to the stress and slip distribution after the mainshock, respectively. The lower b values are observed in the high stress regions and to a certain extent, the largest b values are related to Holocene alluvium. The larger p values are found in some part of the aftershock area although no slip occurred after the main shock and it is interpreted that this situation may be caused by the alluvium structure of the region. These results indicate that the spatial distribution in b and p values are generally related to the rupture mechanism and material properties of an aftershock area.     

一种基于关键点的轨迹-区域拓扑过程模型

定位技术的广泛应用带来了铺天盖地的移动数据,为诸如时空查询和数据挖掘等各种时空的研究及应用提供了重要素材,使得对于轨迹数据的研究成为当前的一个热点。当前,无论是对于原始轨迹数据的研究,还是对语义化轨迹数据的研究,都较少考虑轨迹移动过程中所潜藏的拓扑不变量。本文提出二维空间上基于关键点的轨迹-区域拓扑过程模型,以矩阵描述轨迹与区域的14种基本点集拓扑交叠类型,既而组织交叠序列描述轨迹和区域对象间的拓扑关联关系。模型不仅描述了轨迹与区域之间的拓扑不变量,而且结合轨迹特有行为的语义关联模型,描述轨迹相对区域的复杂拓扑过程。同时,本文还以模型中相邻两次交叠的相接交叠模式,探讨了区域间拓扑关系对于轨迹移动描述的约束。     

Multivariate statistical methods and GIS based evaluation of the health risk potential and water quality due to arsenic pollution in the Kızılırmak River

The K?z?l?rmak River is Turkey's longest (1,355 km) river and it is important since it constitutes the drinking and irrigation water source of the Central Anatolia Region. In the current study, the spatial distribution, effect on irrigation water quality, environmental pollution status, ecotoxicological and health risks as well as possible sources of 12 potential toxic elements' (PTEs) (manganese (Mn), aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb)) concentrations from surface water samples in the K?z?l?rmak River were analyzed by using geographical information systems (GIS) software, ecotoxicological indices, and multivariate statistical analysis. As a result of the current study, it was determined that the As concentration is above the World Health Organization (WHO) limit values, and, in terms of the 12 PTEs, there is slight heavy metal contamination in the river according to the Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) and Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) values and there is a low level of pollution. The Hazard Quotient for ingestion (HQ_ingestion) and Hazard Index (HI) values indicate that non-carcinogenic effects may occur. Exposure to river water is likely to result in a low level of carcinogenic risk (CR) in adults, mainly due to the As concentration. The water at Sampling Station S3 (131.79) cannot be used for drinking and is not suitable for consumption. According to the sodium percentage (Na%), Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), and Magnesium Hazard (MH) index results, river water is suitable for agricultural use.     

The gross features of the lithosphere-asthenosphere system in Europe from seismic surface waves and body waves

Long-period recordings of dispersive Rayleigh waves along numerous station lines, or profiles, in Europe have for the first time permitted a uniform inversion of these observations based on a new method of phase velocity regionalization.Regional dispersion relations obtained by this method have then been subjected to a complete inversion procedure commonly known as the hedgehog method. The results are presented in a map outlining the thickness of the lower lithosphere (lid) and the shear (S) velocities in both the lid and the asthenosphere channel.A comparison of these results with the minimum compressional (P) wave velocities in the asthenosphere and their corresponding depths provides an estimate of theV _p /V _s ratio for the asthenosphere in the European area.Contribution No. 314, Institute of Geophysics, ETH-Zürich, Switzerland.     

Exercice de scénarisation hydrologique en Afrique de l’Ouest—Bassin du Bani

Résumé

Les pays sub-sahariens basent principalement leur économie sur l’agriculture pluviale. Les projections démographiques à moyen ou long terme montrent que la pression démographique va s’accroître très fortement. A l’avenir, il faudra soutenir encore plus fortement le développement de stratégies agricoles de ces pays : cela nécessite une meilleure connaissance de leurs ressources en eau futures. Cette connaissance de la ressource en eau dans le futur passe par l’élaboration de scenarios climatiques et hydrologiques qui font intervenir différents acteurs, compétents dans des activités très variées, qu’ils soient scientifiques de divers domaines (climatologues, hydrologues, sociologues, …) mais aussi financiers, politiques, acteurs sociaux et décideurs. Ce processus d’élaboration de scenarios s’accompagne de nombreuses incertitudes, plus ou moins bien maitrisées, avec lesquelles doivent s’accommoder les gestionnaires d’ouvrages et planificateurs d’aménagements régionaux. Illustré par l’exemple du bassin du Bani, affluent du fleuve Niger, ce travail propose une réflexion sur la « scénarisation hydrologique » et la prédétermination des paramètres d’un modèle hydrologique dans un contexte global non stationnaire. Le choix de jeux de paramètres a de nombreux impacts sur les résultats de la scénarisation comme l’estimation de la ressource et la variabilité de cette ressource. Ces deux éléments sont fondamentaux pour qui doit conduire un processus de décision en réponse à une demande de stratégie d’aménagement ou à une demande de stratégie de développement. Nous proposons une méthodologie de détermination des jeux de paramètres se basant sur la construction de plusieurs jeux de paramètres issus de calages glissants, qui permet d’aller dans le sens de ce que de plus en plus de gestionnaires préconisent : ne pas essayer de prévoir le futur mais plutôt des futurs envisageables qui forceront des modèles d’impact, ce qui leur permettra de fournir des éléments de décision afin de s’adapter ou d’adapter des solutions d’aménagement aux conditions de ces futurs.

Editeur Z.W. Kundzewicz; Editeur associé C. Perrin

Citation Paturel, J.-E., 2014. Exercice de scénarisation hydrologique en Afrique de l’Ouest—Bassin du Bani. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (6), 1135–1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2013.834340     

Soil moisture assessment in the alluvial basins associated with seismic activity of northwest Anatolia,Turkey, using Landsat TM/ETM satellite imagery / Estimation de l’humidité du sol associée à l’activité sismique dans les bassins alluviaux du nord-ouest de l’Anatolie (Turquie) par l’imagerie satellitaire Landsat TM/ETM

Abstract

Abstract The aim of this study is to detect seasonal surface temperature changes and to estimate soil moisture conditions based on the evaporative cooling principle of damp ground in the alluvial basins of northwest Anatolia, Turkey, using Landsat TM/ETM data. According to analysis of satellite sensor data acquired on different dates, soil moisture is greatest in the spring season in the basins. Soil moisture decreases toward the summer and autumn. The 17 August 1999 earthquake occurred in the high surface temperature (low soil moisture) period, and the 12 November 1999 earthquake occurred in the low surface temperature (high soil moisture) period. It is possible to conclude that the urban-rural settlements and industrial developments on the loose deposits of the Adapazari, ?zmit and Düzce depressions have been affected by the seasonal changes in the local ground conditions.     

城市人为热对北京热环境的影响

城市的人为热对城市热岛的产生有重要作用 ,通过对北京冬季的居民采暖排放废热、汽车排放废热和工业生产排放废热的估算 ,制定了考虑随时空变化的北京市人为热排放清单。利用北京大学城市边界层模式对北京冬季城市边界层结构特征进行模拟 ,通过考虑和忽略人为热的排放研究北京地面温度的变化 ,并通过几种方案减少人为热的排放对缓解城市热岛作用作出评价。