晚古生代泛大陆聚合过程中板块碰撞的运动学分析

本文基于古板块再造方法,通过收集和筛选全球晚古生代古地磁数据,恢复再造泛大陆的构造格局及其聚合过程。晚古生代,全球板块的运动轨迹表明,全球板块整体以顺时针旋转的方式运动,聚合形成泛大陆。通过分析单个板块的运动学特征以及不同板块间的相对运动,表明在泛大陆聚合过程中,至少出现四种碰撞方式：① 追尾式碰撞：不同板块在同向运动过程中,板块运动速度存在差异,如前方板块速度慢于后方板块,则会造成其间洋盆逐渐收敛—关闭,如莱茵洋（海西造山带）、索伦洋（索伦山造山带）等。 ② 侧向式碰撞：两个板块运动轨迹大角度交叉,发生侧向碰撞,如波罗的板块向北运动过程中与向东北运动的西伯利亚板块碰撞,造成乌拉尔洋盆闭合,形成狭长的造山带。③ 错车式碰撞：两个板块,同向或者相向交错运动,在其侧翼发生走滑—斜向式聚合。如塔里木和华北板块转动方向相反,在侧翼斜向对接,以洋盆属性不明和走滑断层系发育为特征。④ 拥堵式碰撞：多个大板块之间汇聚区域的小陆块和地体发生多边汇聚,广泛出现岛弧增生和残余洋盆,如中亚造山带。     

Kinematic transformations for planar multi‐directional pseudodynamic testing

The pseudodynamic (PSD) test method imposes command displacements to a test structure for a given time step. The measured restoring forces and displaced position achieved in the test structure are then used to integrate the equations of motion to determine the command displacements for the next time step. Multi‐directional displacements of the test structure can introduce error in the measured restoring forces and displaced position. The subsequently determined command displacements will not be correct unless the effects of the multi‐directional displacements are considered. This paper presents two approaches for correcting kinematic errors in planar multi‐directional PSD testing, where the test structure is loaded through a rigid loading block. The first approach, referred to as the incremental kinematic transformation method, employs linear displacement transformations within each time step. The second method, referred to as the total kinematic transformation method, is based on accurate nonlinear displacement transformations. Using three displacement sensors and the trigonometric law of cosines, this second method enables the simultaneous nonlinear equations that express the motion of the loading block to be solved without using iteration. The formulation and example applications for each method are given. Results from numerical simulations and laboratory experiments show that the total transformation method maintains accuracy, while the incremental transformation method may accumulate error if the incremental rotation of the loading block is not small over the time step. A procedure for estimating the incremental error in the incremental kinematic transformation method is presented as a means to predict and possibly control the error. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An accurate time integration method for simplified overland flow models

An accurate time integration method for the diffusion-wave and kinematic-wave approximated models for the overland flow is proposed. The discretization of the first- and second-order spatial derivatives in the basic equation is obtained by using the second-order Lax–Wendroff and the three-point centred finite difference schemes, respectively. For the solution in time, the system of ordinary differential equations, obtained by the linearization of the celerity and of the hydraulic diffusivity by Taylor series expansions, is integrated analytically. The stability and the numerical dissipation and dispersion are investigated by the Fourier analysis. A proper Courant number, and the corresponding time step for the numerical simulations can be established. In addition, the proposed diffusion-wave and kinematic-wave models are straightforwardly extended to the two-dimensional flow. Test cases for both one- and two-dimensional problems, compare the solutions of the diffusion-wave and kinematic-wave models with analytical solutions, with experimental results and with numerical solutions obtained by the Saint–Venant equations. These simulations show that the proposed numerical–analytical models accurately predict the overland flow for several situations, in particular for unsteady rainfall rate and for spatial variations of the surface roughness.     

Paleocene large-scale normal faulting along the Median Tectonic Line, western Shikoku, Japan

Abstract   The Median Tectonic Line (MTL) in southwest Japan, a major east–west-trending arc-parallel fault, has been defined as the boundary fault between the Cretaceous Sambagawa metamorphic rocks and Ryoke granitic and metamorphic rocks, which are unconformably covered by the Upper Cretaceous Izumi Group. The juxtaposition by faulting occurred after the deposition of the Izumi Group. Based on detailed fieldwork and previous studies, the authors reconstruct the kinematic history along the MTL during the Paleogene period, which has not been fully understood before. It is noted that although the strata of the Izumi Group along the MTL dip gently, east–west-trending north-vergent folds with the wavelength of ∼300 m commonly develop up to 2 km north from the MTL. Along the MTL, a disturbed zone of the Izumi Group up to 400 m thick, defined by the development of boudinage structures with the transverse boudin axis dipping nearly parallel to the MTL, occurs. Furthermore, east–west-trending north-vergent folds with the wavelength of 1–5 m develop within the distance up to 60 m from the MTL. The disturbed zone with the map-scale north-vergent folds along the MTL, strongly suggests that they formed due to normal faulting with a top-to-the-north sense along the MTL. Considering that the normal faulting is associated with the final exhumation of the Sambagawa metamorphic rocks, and its juxtaposition against the Izumi Group at depth, this perhaps occurred before the denudation of the Sambagawa metamorphic rocks indicated by the deposition of the Lower Eocene Hiwada-toge Formation. Dynamic equilibrium between crustal thickening at depth (underplating) and extension at shallow level is a plausible explanation for the normal faulting because the arc-normal extension suggests gravity as the driving force.     

利用GPS多普勒观测值精确确定运动载体的速度

讨论了利用GPS多普勒频移观测值确定运动载体速度的基本原理 ,估计了这一方法可以达到的精度。为验证该方法的可靠性及稳定性 ,做了两个试验 :静态试验和动态试验 ,试验中实测动态数据处理采用VAES软件。理论研究和数据处理结果均表明 ,在卫星分布较好的情况下 ,载体速度的确定精度可达mm/s。     

GPS用于鉴别振动变形的实验研究

为了科学地评价应用动态ＧＰＳ技术鉴别振动特征的能力及可行性,本文设计了若干个振动实验。实验数据的谱分析结果表明,利用ＧＰＳ观测数据可以精确地鉴别出振动特征,如相对位移和频率,并且当ＧＰＳ数据的采样频率为Ｆ时,至少可以分辨出约０．２５Ｆ以下的振动频率。该技术可应用于大型构筑物的安全监测。     

Shear sense inversion in the Hilti mantle section (Oman ophiolite) and active mantle uprise

Structural analyses in the well-exposed Hilti mantle section in the Oman ophiolite suggest a model of forceful horizontal flow in the uppermost mantle at the edge of a diapir below a oceanic spreading center. Detailed structural mapping, focussed on high-T deformation (i.e., asthenospheric flow), revealed a gently undulated flat structure with a uniform east-west flow direction. When it is related to the N–S to NNW–SSE trending, vertical sheeted dike complex located to the east, this mantle flow is parallel to the spreading direction. Because the Moho is so flat lying, a large dunite occurrence at the south-western region is possibly ascribed to the Moho Transition Zone. Kinematic analysis shows that the shear direction generally changes from top-to-the west in the upper level, to top-to-the east in the lower level with respect to the Moho. This shear sense inversion is explained by a model of forceful flow due to an active mantle uprise and it is not compatible with a passive mantle uprise. In the plan section, the boundary of the shear sense inversion is subparallel to the flow direction and subperpendicular to the spreading axis. In cross section, the boundary appears to occur at various depths in the range of 200 m to 500 m. It shows that the active mantle uprise in the diapir center resulted in a channelled horizontal flow.     

广东河台金矿田糜棱岩磁组构对剪切带变形与成矿的约束

河台金矿田是广东省内规模最大的金矿,由于金矿床都产于糜棱岩带中,因而被认为是典型的与剪切带有关的金矿。然而,对于Au矿化与剪切带变形条件之间的关系目前仍不十分清楚。高村和云西是河台金矿田两个代表性的金矿床,分别受ML11和ML9两条剪切带的控制。本文在对两条剪切带中的含矿和无矿糜棱岩的变形特征进行野外调查和室内岩（矿）相学观察的基础上,分别开展岩石磁学和磁化率各向异性（AMS）特征研究。糜棱岩x- T曲线显示了磁黄铁矿的居里温度,结合磁滞回线、等温剩磁（IRM）以及矿相学特征,表明河台金矿田糜棱岩几乎不含磁铁矿,载磁矿物主要为黑云母和磁黄铁矿,但是磁黄铁矿的贡献要远大于黑云母。两条糜棱岩带中不含矿糜棱岩的平均磁化率Km＜500×10-6 (SI)、磁化率各向异性度Pj、椭球体形状参数T、磁面理F和磁线理L没有明显差别。并且形成两条剪切带的主应力方向也近于一致,最大主应力方向σ1（K3）为近水平NNW- SSE向,最小主应力σ3（K1）为NEE- SWW向,倾伏角较缓。运动学涡度Wk值也近似,在0. 12~0. 65之间,小于0. 71。上述特征暗示两条含金剪切带都是在印支期NNW- SSE向近水平的强烈挤压作用下形成的,其中发育的糜棱岩为S型和SL型构造岩,具有强烈压扁的特征,并且在剪切变形过程中纯剪切作用所占的比重要明显大于简单剪切。然而,两条剪切带中含矿糜棱岩与无矿糜棱岩的AMS特征有明显的区别。含矿糜棱岩的K1近于直立,且Km＞500×10-6 (SI)和Pj值都明显大于无矿糜棱岩。因此,糜棱岩的变形强度与含矿性具有一定的正相关关系,而在燕山期叠加的脆韧性变形使得最大磁化率主轴（即最小主应力轴）变陡,更有利于热液的运移和最终成矿。     

改进的能量守恒方法及其在CHAMP重力场恢复中的应用

An efficient method for gravity field determination from CHAMP orbits and accelerometer data is referred to as the energy balance approach. A new CHAMP gravity field recovery strategy based on the improved energy balance approach IS developed in this paper. The method simultaneously solves the spherical harmonic coefficients, daily Integration constant, scale and bias parameters. Two 60 degree and order gravitational potential models, XISM-CHAMPO1S from the classical energy balance approach, and XISM-CHAMPO2S from the improved energy balance, are determined using about one year＇s worth of CHAMP kinematic orbits from TUM and accelerometer data from GFZ. Comparisons among XISM-CHAMPO1S, XISM-CHAMPO2S, EIGEN-CGO3C, EIGEN-CHAMPO3S, EIGEN2, ENIGNIS and EGM96 are made. The results show that the XISM-CHAMPO2S model is more accurate than EGM96, EIGENIS, EIGEN2 and XISM-CHAMPO1S at the same degree and order, and has almost the same accuracy as EIGEN-CHAMPO3S.     

华北克拉通基底花岗质片麻岩变形和流变学研究——以辽西寺儿堡地区为例

辽西寺儿堡镇新太古代花岗质片麻岩内发育的宏观、微观构造变形特征表明该地区曾遭受了强烈的韧性变形改造。花岗质岩石变形程度在初糜棱岩–糜棱岩之间,岩石经历了SWW向左行剪切作用改造。岩石中石英有限应变测量判别结果表明,构造岩类型为L-S型,为平面应变。岩石的剪应变平均值为1.43,运动学涡度值为0.788~0.829,指示岩石形成于以简单剪切为主的一般剪切变形中。此外,石英颗粒以亚颗粒旋转重结晶和颗粒边界迁移重结晶作用为主,长石颗粒塑性拉长,部分发生膨凸式重结晶作用;石英组构特征(EBSD)揭示石英以中–高温柱面滑移为主;石英颗粒边界具有明显的分形特征,分形维数值为1.151~1.201,指示了中高温变形条件。综合石英、长石的变形行为、石英组构特征以及分形法Kruhl温度计的判别结果,推断辽西寺儿堡镇新太古代花岗质片麻岩经历过480~600℃的中高温变形,其同构造变质相为高绿片岩相-低角闪岩相。花岗质岩石的古差异应力为10.62~12.21 MPa,估算的应变速率为10~(–11.67)~10~(–13.34) s~(–1),即缓慢的变形,可能记录早期中高温、低应变速率的韧性变形过程,反映华北克拉通基底中下部地壳变形特征。