Degradation Pathway of the Photochemical Oxidation of Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) in the UV/H2O2-process

The degradation pathway for the oxidation of EDTA in the UV/H₂O₂-process was investigated. In absence of iron ions, the mineralization of EDTA is dominated by the reaction of the HO-radicals generated by the photolysis of H₂O₂. The organic degradation products iminodiacetate (IMDA), glycinate, oxamate, glyoxylate, oxalate and formate, and the inorganic degradation products carbon dioxide, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and cyanate were found. In the presence of iron ions, photolytic decarboxylation processes inside the complex get an important role during degradation, and the organic degradation products ethylenediaminetriacetate (ED3A), ethylenediaminediacetate (EDDA), ethylenediaminemonoacetate (EDMA) were also found. By combining product studies with balances of carbon and nitrogen, the degradation pathway in the UV/H₂O₂-process could be elucidated. The degradation of EDTA was fast (k_deg = 0.012 s^–1), and no toxic degradation products were identified. Therefore, the process is well suited for the elimination of EDTA in water treatment.     

Determination of Polar Organic Pollutants in Aqueous Samples of Former Ammunition Sites in Lower Saxony by Means of HPLC/Photodiode Array Detection (HPLC/PDA) and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ( 1H-NMR)

Leachate, ground-, and surface water from former ammunition sites and areas which are known to be contaminated by nitroaromatic compounds in Lower Saxony (Germany) were investigated in order to identify and quantify acidic nitroaromatic compounds (e.g., nitrobenzoic acids, aminonitrobenzoic acids, nitrophenols, and nitrocresols). Acidic and neutral nitroaromatic compounds were enriched by solid-phase extraction (SPE) on a polystyrenedivinylbenzene copolymer and routinely screened for acidic compounds by means of HPLC/photodiode array detection (HPLC/PDA). Qualitative and quantitative results obtained in this way were corroborated by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-NMR). Validation data for the quantification procedure using this technique are given. The results show that all samples contaminated with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and related compounds are also contaminated by acidic nitroaromatic compounds (e.g., 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid, 3,5-dinitrophenol, and especially with 2-amino-4,6-dinitrobenzoic acid) in the μg/L range. This current work shows that 1 H-NMR allows the quantitative determination of protoncarrying analytes in mixtures after solid-phase extraction down to the upper ng/L range after addition of an internal standard to the SPE extract. This is even possible when reference compounds are not commercially available.     

FY-3/MERSI卫星资料监测淮河水体方法及应用

在考虑水体与其它地物光谱特征差异及FY-3/MERSI通道光谱和空间分辨率特点的基础上,介绍了利用FY-3/MERSI进行水体识别及水体变化信息检测的方法。以淮河流域为例,利用FY-3/MERSI对2016年6月底至7月中旬降水过程前后水体变化信息进行了监测,并利用相近时间成像的50m空间分辨率的高分四号卫星对水体监测结果进行了对比分析,说明了本文方法的有效性。最后给出了利用我国卫星遥感资料进行水体变化监测需要进一步研究的方向。     

1977 - 2017年雅江流域中下游大气/地面冻融指数时空变化特征

冻结指数是某个地区冻结期长短和严寒程度的综合表征, 融化指数是某个地区融化期长短及正积温高低的综合度量, 冻融指数也是计算活动层厚度和季节冻结深度的关键参数, 并可用于多年冻土分布预报。利用雅鲁藏布江（雅江）流域中下游11个气象站点的逐日气温、 地面温度数据计算了1977 - 2017年大气及地面冻融指数, 并分析其时空变化趋势。结果表明： 雅江流域中下游近40年来冻结指数呈显著下降趋势, 大气冻结指数、 地面冻结指数、 大气融化指数、 地面融化指数多年变化范围分别为208.4 ~ 508.0、 136.9 ~ 371.0、 2 171.8 ~ 2 499.8、 3 350.2 ~ 4 315.2 ℃·d; 其气候倾斜率分别为-36.6、 -48.7、 90.7、 115.8 ℃·d·（10a）^-1。雅江流域大气和地面冻结指数以海拔4 488.8 m的嘉黎最大, 海拔2 991.9 m的林芝最小; 大气和地面融化指数则以海拔3 560 m的泽当最大, 海拔4 488.8 m的嘉黎最小。流域内大气负温日数变化规律与地面负温日数变化趋势基本一致, 其气候倾向率分别是-6.28 d·（10a）^-1和-5.57 d·（10a）^-1。研究结果可为雅江流域冻土预报, 冻融作用所形成的冰缘地貌研究及其引发的地质灾害如冻融滑塌、 冻融泥流等灾害的监测与预防提供借鉴。     

Changes in Agricultural Biodiversity： Implications for Sustainable Livelihood in the Himalaya

Himalayan mountain system is distinguished globally for a rich biodiversity and for its role in regulating the climate of the South Asia.Traditional crop-livestock mixed farming in the Himalaya is highly dependent on forests for fodder and manure prepared from forest leaf litter and livestock excreta. Apart from sustaining farm production, forests provide a variety of other tangible and intangible benefits, which are critical for sustainable livelihood of not only 115 million mountain people, but also many more people living in the adjoining plains. Extension of agricultural landuse coupled with replacement of traditional staple food crops by cash crops and of multipurpose agroforestry trees by fruit trees are widespread changes. Cultivation of Fagopyrum esculentum,Fagopyrum tataricum, Panicum miliaceum, Setaria italica and Pisum arvense has been almost abandoned. Increasing stress on cash crops is driven by a socio-cultural change from subsistence to market economy facilitated by improvement in accessibility and supply of staple food grains at subsidized price by the government. Farmers have gained substantial economic benefits from cash crops. However, loss of agrobiodiversity implies more risks to local livelihood in the events of downfall in market price/demand of cash crops, termination of supply of staple food grains at subsidized price, pest outbreaks in a cash crop dominated homogeneous landscape and abnormal climate years. Indigenous innovations enabling improvement in farm economy by conserving and/enhancing agrobiodiversity do exist, but are highly localized. The changes in agrobiodiversity are such that soil loss and run-off from the croplands have dramatically increased together with increase in local pressure on forests. As farm productivity is maintained with forest-based inputs, continued depletion of forest resources will result in poor economic returns from agriculture to local people,apart from loss of global benefits from Himalayan forests. Interventions including improvement in traditional manure and management of on-farm trees,participatory development of agroforestry in degraded forest lands and policies favoring economic benefits to local people from non-timber forest products could reduce the risks of decline in agricultural biodiversity and associated threats to livelihoods and Himalayan ecosystems.     

面向河套区域农业的气象地理信息系统研究

针对河套区域农业气象服务需求,基于GIS技术成果,提出区域农业的气象地理信息系统设计构想,运用WEBGIS技术和B/S结构,完成该气象地理信息系统服务内容的设计,实现对区域农业气象服务的多源气象数据的采集、编辑、存储、分析、可视化查询,为区域农业发展提供多方位的高效信息服务。     

Water transport and tracer mixing in volcanic ash soils at a tropical hillslope: A wet layered sloping sponge

Andosol soils formed in volcanic ash provide key hydrological services in montane environments. To unravel the subsurface water transport and tracer mixing in these soils we conducted a detailed characterization of soil properties and analyzed a 3-year data set of sub-hourly hydrometric and weekly stable isotope data collected at three locations along a steep hillslope. A weakly developed (52–61 cm depth), highly organic andic (Ah) horizon overlaying a mineral (C) horizon was identified, both showing relatively similar properties and subsurface flow dynamics along the hillslope. Soil moisture observations in the Ah horizon showed a fast responding (few hours) “rooted” layer to a depth of 15 cm, overlying a “perched” layer that remained near saturated year-round. The formation of the latter results from the high organic matter (33–42%) and clay (29–31%) content of the Ah horizon and an abrupt hydraulic conductivity reduction in this layer with respect to the rooted layer above. Isotopic signatures revealed that water resides within this soil horizon for short periods, both at the rooted (2 weeks) and perched (4 weeks) layer. A fast soil moisture reaction during rainfall events was also observed in the C horizon, with response times similar to those in the rooted layer. These results indicate that despite the perched layer, which helps sustain the water storage of the soil, a fast vertical mobilization of water through the entire soil profile occurs during rainfall events. The latter being the result of the fast transmissivity of hydraulic potentials through the porous matrix of the Andosols, as evidenced by the exponential shape of the water retention curves of the subsequent horizons. These findings demonstrate that the hydrological behavior of volcanic ash soils resembles that of a “layered sponge,” in which vertical flow paths dominate.     

2019年6月17日长宁MS6.0地震前地震活动和水位的加卸载响应比异常研究

加卸载响应比（LURR）方法是通过固体潮加卸载过程中的某一物理参数的响应差异探查区域应力场演化。本文将这一方法应用于2019年6月17日四川长宁M_S6.0地震,根据LURR时序演化探查震源区介质的应力状态变化,提取可能的震前异常信息。首先采用贝尼奥夫应变作为响应量计算LURR,通过固体潮在地震断层面的最优滑动方向上引起的库仑破坏应力变化来判断加载还是卸载,结果显示LURR值自2018年年初开始快速增加并在2018年年中达到峰值,此后异常持续至地震。在此基础上对该地区的大地形变和地下井水位资料进行了LURR分析,发现水富水平摆倾斜仪的东西和南北分量在LURR出现异常的同期发生明显偏转,而地震周边的地下井水位高值变化过程与长宁地震也有较好的对应关系。研究表明在长宁地震发生前,存在地震活动和地下水位的LURR异常,且异常时间与水富倾斜同步,暗示震源区介质存在明显的应力积累过程。     

Evaluation of aquatic ecological systems through dynamics of ichthyofaunal diversity in a Himalayan torrential river,Murti

The biodiversity hotspot region of the Eastern Himalayas consists of a vast freshwater network enriched with species diversity. Many small-scale torrential rivers and water reaches contribute to the species pool of all the major rivers by converging downstream. These reaches are most likely to be degraded at a faster rate as compared to the large-scale rivers following an increased rate of urbanization, habitat alterations, and changing climatic conditions. Therefore, this study aims to explore River Murti, which is a representative small scale river system characterized by a large altitudinal gradient and a diverse watershed area. Ichthyofaunal diversity (i.e., diversity, evenness & richness) and 21 environmental variables are measured through a tri-seasonal sampling effort conducted along 14 selected locations. A total of 41 fish species (including species belonging to 4 Near Threatened, 8 Vulnerable, and 1 Endangered) are found inhabiting this river. Ichthyofaunal assemblage is found to be primarily modulated by habitat diversity and landscape variables. Three Aquatic Ecological Systems (AES) have been identified along this river in a top-down approach based on recorded environmental variables. We have calculated an observed/expected ratio for each diversity indices along 14 locations based on predicted temporal variability using boosted regression (BRT) models. The evaluation of diversity status has been kept at 0.5 to account for a 50% loss or deviation from observed (O/E50). This evaluation has been successfully used to delineate AES1 with majorly “Impaired” status and thus ensures its importance in terms of species conservation. Our study indicates the contribution of 11 major environmental drivers modulating the species assemblage patterns in these AES. Amongst them, altitude, substrate coarseness, river morphology, and shelter availability are strongly associated with species diversity as per the BRT models. These underlying factors are also correlated with “basin pressure,” suggesting that anthropogenic disturbances, as well as the changing climate, might play an important role in the gradual change in environmental conditions, which in turn could cause a shift in species assemblage structure.