阿尔金断裂东端破裂生长点的最新构造变形*

阿尔金断裂与祁连山北缘断裂的交汇部位是阿尔金断裂向东扩展的新破裂生长点,两断裂构造与新生的红柳峡断裂构成似三联点构造。破裂生长点附近的最新构造变形表现为:阿尔金断裂的旋转隆升和向北扩展;祁连山北缘断裂的逆冲推覆兼右旋走滑;红柳峡断裂的挤压拖曳弯曲,它们共同受制于青藏高原的强烈隆升和向外扩张作用。推测阿尔金断裂自西而东的破裂扩展就是似三联点构造逐一形成而又被切割贯通的过程。阿尔金断裂以蠕滑活动为主,2002年玉门地震与祁连山北缘逆冲断裂及其伴生的调节断层的活动相关。     

137Cs在滇西与黔中地区散落的差异——青藏隆起对滇西地区全球性扩散大气污染物散落屏蔽效应的推断

云贵高原是青藏隆起在南亚大陆形成的一个海拔梯度大、地势格局复杂的特异环境单元.该地域兼受东南季风与西南季风的交汇影响,是全球变化的敏感区之一.青藏隆起对云贵高原现代环境影响主要表现在1)全球性大气扩散污染物的屏蔽效应和局地性大气扩散污染物的滞留效应;2)区域化学风化的增强效应和物理侵蚀的梯级效应;3)地表环境地球化学过程的低纬度-高海拔效应.核素示踪模式分析表明滇西与黔中地区之间137Cs自大气散落差异明显[1986年以前,洱海和红枫湖沉积物中137Cs散落的累计值分别为(0.11±0.01)Bq/cm2及(0.37±0.01)Bq/cm2],而7Be的散落相近.这说明青藏隆起对滇西地区存在全球性扩散大气污染物散落的屏蔽效应.     

浑江末前寒武纪丝状藻类及其环境意义

本文初步探讨了吉林浑江晚前寒武纪丝状藻类与沉积环境的关系。这些丝状藻类产自晚前寒武纪不同层位,大多属蓝绿藻类。通过对丝状藻类整体面貌和个体丰度的分析,笔者将其划分为三类即:藻席型、孤立生存型和其间的过渡类型。根据对现代丝状藻类生态及环境的研究,采取比较古生物学的方法,具体讨论了浑江地区晚前寒武纪丝状藻类的指相意义。根据沉积学与事件地层记录分析的沉积环境模式与对丝状藻类环境分析的结果是一致的。     

塔河油田巴楚组底部砂泥岩段沉积特征

塔河油田下石炭统巴楚组底部砂泥岩段岩性复杂,沉积相类型及分布规律不清楚。利用岩心观察、连井剖面对比、薄片分析、地震属性分析等方法,对巴楚组底部砂泥岩段沉积特征进行系统研究。结果表明:巴楚组底部砂泥岩段主要为冲积扇、潟湖、障壁型滨岸相沉积。冲积扇沉积发育于工区北部S85井附近,为北东-南西向展布的朵状体,岩性以大套细-中砾岩为主,物性差,不具储集能力;潟湖沉积分布于工区南部古鼻凸西南轴部,岩性主要为钙质泥岩、泥灰岩;障壁岛沉积位于工区南缘,沿北东东向平行于阿克库勒古鼻隆轴线分布;滨岸沉积位于工区西南部,主要发育临滨亚相,以细砂岩沉积为主。障壁沙坝和滨岸临滨砂岩的储集能力良好。     

Late Cenozoic transpressional ductile deformation north of the Nazca–South America–Antarctica triple junction

The southern Andes plate boundary zone records a protracted history of bulk transpressional deformation during the Cenozoic, which has been causally related to either oblique subduction or ridge collision. However, few structural and chronological studies of regional deformation are available to support one hypothesis or the other. We address along- and across-strike variations in the nature and timing of plate boundary deformation to better understand the Cenozoic tectonics of the southern Andes.Two east–west structural transects were mapped at Puyuhuapi and Aysén, immediately north of the Nazca–South America–Antarctica triple junction. At Puyuhuapi (44°S), north–south striking, high-angle contractional and strike-slip ductile shear zones developed from plutons coexist with moderately dipping dextral-oblique shear zones in the wallrocks. In Aysén (45–46°), top to the southwest, oblique thrusting predominates to the west of the Cenozoic magmatic arc, whereas dextral strike-slip shear zones develop within it.New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar data from mylonites and undeformed rocks from the two transects suggest that dextral strike-slip, oblique-slip and contractional deformation occurred at nearly the same time but within different structural domains along and across the orogen. Similar ages were obtained on both high strain pelitic schists with dextral strike-slip kinematics (4.4±0.3 Ma, laser on muscovite–biotite aggregates, Aysén transect, 45°S) and on mylonitic plutonic rocks with contractional deformation (3.8±0.2 to 4.2±0.2 Ma, fine-grained, recrystallized biotite, Puyuhuapi transect). Oblique-slip, dextral reverse kinematics of uncertain age is documented at the Canal Costa shear zone (45°S) and at the Queulat shear zone at 44°S. Published dates for the undeformed protholiths suggest both shear zones are likely Late Miocene or Pliocene, coeval with contractional and strike-slip shear zones farther north. Coeval strike-slip, oblique-slip and contractional deformation on ductile shear zones of the southern Andes suggest different degrees of along- and across-strike deformation partitioning of bulk transpressional deformation.The long-term dextral transpressional regime appears to be driven by oblique subduction. The short-term deformation is in turn controlled by ridge collision from 6 Ma to present day. This is indicated by most deformation ages and by a southward increase in the contractional component of deformation. Oblique-slip to contractional shear zones at both western and eastern margins of the Miocene belt of the Patagonian batholith define a large-scale pop-up structure by which deeper levels of the crust have been differentially exhumed since the Pliocene at a rate in excess of 1.7 mm/year.     

Long-term performance evaluation of zero-valent iron amended permeable reactive barriers for groundwater remediation – A mechanistic approach

Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) are used for groundwater remediation at contaminated sites worldwide. This technology has been efficient at appropriate sites for treating organic and inorganic contaminants using zero-valent iron (ZVI) as a reductant and as a reactive material. Continued development of the technology over the years suggests that a robust understanding of PRB performance and the mechanisms involved is still lacking. Conflicting information in the scientific literature downplays the critical role of ZVI corrosion in the remediation of various organic and inorganic pollutants. Additionally, there is a lack of information on how different mechanisms act in tandem to affect ZVI-groundwater systems through time. In this review paper, we describe the underlying mechanisms of PRB performance and remove isolated misconceptions. We discuss the primary mechanisms of ZVI transformation and aging in PRBs and the role of iron corrosion products. We review numerous sites to reinforce our understanding of the interactions between groundwater contaminants and ZVI and the authigenic minerals that form within PRBs. Our findings show that ZVI corrosion products and mineral precipitates play critical roles in the long-term performance of PRBs by influencing the reactivity of ZVI. Pore occlusion by mineral precipitates occurs at the influent side of PRBs and is enhanced by dissolved oxygen and groundwater rich in dissolved solids and high alkalinity, which negatively impacts hydraulic conductivity, allowing contaminants to potentially bypass the treatment zone. Further development of site characterization tools and models is needed to support effective PRB designs for groundwater remediation.     

河口挡潮闸对三角洲潮汐不对称时空变化的影响

三角洲内部潮汐不对称性与三角洲地貌演变方向有重要关系。目前诸多研究关注海洋、陆地边界的改变对三角洲内的潮汐不对称性演变规律的影响。实际上, 大规模的河口工程也会对三角洲内的潮汐不对称性产生影响。在众多河口工程中, 河口挡潮闸由于直接削弱口门处海洋潮动力, 影响最为直接。荷兰三角洲是潮动力主导型三角洲, 受洪潮灾害影响较为严重, 为此在荷兰西南部修建了世界上著名的三角洲挡潮闸工程。文章以荷兰莱茵河-默兹河三角洲为研究对象, 分析以挡潮闸为主的河口工程对三角洲内河网潮汐不对称性演变特征的影响。选取莱茵河-默兹河三角洲13个潮位站点的50~60年的水文资料, 利用非平稳调和分析方法计算分析三角洲内部潮汐传播特性, 并进一步研究潮汐涨落潮历时不对称性演变特征, 揭示河口挡潮闸工程对潮汐河网中潮汐动力和潮汐不对称性的影响。研究表明, 莱茵河-默兹河三角洲为显著的涨潮占优型河口, 潮汐不对称现象总体向上游沿程增强。河口挡潮闸修建后受河网径流量和潮动力剧烈变化的影响, 封闭的南部通道内的潮波大幅度削弱, 潮汐不对称现象在下游增强在上游减弱。北部、中部通道其他站点则因为通道径流增大, 潮汐不对称现象增强, 中部站点变化更为显著。     

班公湖-怒江结合带中段上三叠统确哈拉群与下伏岩系角度不整合关系的发现及意义

在位于班公湖-怒江结合带中段的西藏班戈县白拉乡拉纳沟一带，首次发现上三叠统确哈拉群与下伏岩系呈角度不整合接触。该接触关系的发现，证实在班公湖-怒江结合带内有古特提斯蛇绿岩的存在，说明以班公湖-怒江结合带为代表的新特提斯域是在古特提斯域基础上继承和发展起来的。     

青海南部治多县扎河地区发现中二叠世放射虫化石

在青海南部扎河地区通天河蛇绿混杂岩带(东段)中新发现一套泥质-硅质岩地层,为甘孜-理塘结合带西段的组成部分.首次在硅质岩中发现放射虫化石Pseudoalbaillella longtanensis Sheng et Wang,Cauletellidae gen.et sp.indet.,Entactiniidaegen.et sp.indet.,地质时代为中二叠世.表明甘孜-理塘结合带西段中二叠世深水沉积盆地的存在.     

A unified CFD‐DEM approach for modeling of debris flow impacts on flexible barriers

This paper presents a unified modeling framework to investigate the impacts of debris flow on flexible barriers, based on coupled computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method (CFD‐DEM). We consider a debris flow as a mixture of fluid and particles where the fluid and particle phases are modeled by the CFD and the DEM, respectively. The fluid‐particle coupling is considered by the exchange of interaction forces between CFD and DEM calculations. The flexible barrier is simulated by the DEM as a network of bonded particles with remote interactions. The proposed coupled CFD‐DEM approach enables us to conveniently handle the complicated three‐way interactions among the fluid, the particles, and the flexible barrier structure for debris flow impact simulations. The proposed approach is first used to investigate the influences of channel inclination and the volumetric solid fraction in a debris mixture on the impact force, the resultant deformation, and the retained mass in a flexible barrier. The predictions agree well with existing experimental and numerical studies. We further examine the possible failure modes of a flexible barrier under debris flow impact and their underlying mechanisms. The performance of different components in a flexible barrier system, including single wires, double twists and cables, and their load sharing mechanisms, are carefully evaluated. The proposed unified framework offers a novel, promising pathway towards physically based, quantitative analysis and design of flexible barriers for debris flow mitigation.