Pore‐scale modeling of surface erosion in a particle bed

A fully coupled transient two‐dimensional model was employed to study fundamentals of flood‐induced surface erosion in a particle bed. The interaction of the liquid and solid phases is the key mechanism related to surface erosion. The solid phase was idealized at a particle scale by using the discrete element method. The fluid phase was modeled at a mesoscale level and solved using the lattice Boltzmann method. The fluid forces applied on the particles were calculated on the basis of the momentum the fluid exchanges with the particle. The proposed approach was used to model both single particles and particle beds subjected to Couette flow conditions. The behavior of both the single particle and the particle bed depended on particle diameter and surface shear fluid velocity. The conducted simulations show that the fluid flow profile penetrates the bed for a small distance. This penetration initiates sheet‐flow and surface erosion as the fluid interacts with particles. The effect of suppressing particle rotation on the fluid‐induced forces on the particle was also examined. Suppressing particle spinning may lead to underestimated erosion rate. Results of fluid and particle velocities were compared against experimental results and appeared to agree with the observed trends.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Understanding historical coastal spit evolution: A case study from Spurn,East Yorkshire,UK

Globally sandy coastlines are threatened by erosion driven by climatic changes and increased storminess. Understanding how they have responded to past storms is key to help manage future coastal changes. Coastal spits around the world are particularly dynamic and therefore potentially vulnerable coastal features. Therefore, how they have evolved over the last few centuries is of great importance. To illustrate this, this study focuses on the historical evolution of a spit at Spurn on the east coast of the UK, which currently provides critical protection to settlements within the Humber estuary. Through the combination of digitized historical mapping and luminescence dating, this study shows that Spurn has been a consistent coastal feature over at least the past 440 years. No significant westward migration was observed for the last 200 years. Results show a long-term extension of the spit and a decrease in its overall area, particularly in the last 50 years. Breaches of the neck cause temporary sediment pathway changes enabling westward extension of the head. Use of digitized historical maps in GIS combined with OSL dating has allowed a more complete understanding of long-term spit evolution and sediment transport modes at Spurn. In doing so it helps inform future possible changes linked to pressures, such as increases in storm events and sea-level rise. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

GEOCHRONOMETRY & ISOTOPE GEOLOGY

正20142333Liao Jin(State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Hu Chaoyong Thermoluminescence Based Thermometer from Stalagmites(Quaternary Sciences,ISSN1001-7410,CN11-2708/P,33(6),2013,p.1122-1129,6illus.,1table,48refs.)     

Three-dimensional hydromechanical modeling of internal erosion in dike-on-foundation

Currently, numerical studies at the real scale of an entire engineering structure considering internal erosion are still rare. This paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulation of the effects of internal erosion within a linear dike located on a foundation. A two-dimensional (2D) finite element code has been extended to 3D in order to analyze the impact of internal erosion under more realistic hydromechanical conditions. The saturated soil has been considered as a mixture of four interacting constituents: soil skeleton, erodible fines, fluidized fine particles, and fluid. The detachment and transport of the fine particles have been modeled with a mass exchange model between the solid and the fluid phases. An elastoplastic constitutive model for sand-silt mixtures has been developed to monitor the effect of the evolution of both the porosity and the fines content induced by internal erosion upon the behavior of the soil skeleton. An unsaturated flow condition has been implemented into this coupled hydromechanical model to describe more accurately the seepage within the dike and the foundation. A stabilized finite element method was used to eliminate spurious numerical oscillations in solving the convection-dominated transport of fluidized particles. This numerical tool was then applied to a specific dike-on-foundation case subjected to internal erosion induced by a leakage located at the bottom of the foundation. Different failure modes were observed and analyzed for different boundary conditions, including the significant influence of the leakage cavity size and the elevation of the water level at the upstream and downstream sides of the dike.     

类星体3C286的核位置──模型剖析

本文绘出类星体3C286在波长18cm的MERLIN图象和VLBI图象；对该源的射电结构提出了解释模型，也提供了进一步研究的方案．     

A stochastic model of sedimentation

A mathematical model is presented which describes the origin of the earth's geological record in terms of a stochastic process involving random events of sedimentation and erosion. The model yields quantitative predictions of the percentages of the earth's land area in which sediments of one geological period directly overlie those of any given earlier period. It also predicts the total amount of sediment dating from each geological period, and the percentage of the earth's surface marked by outcrops of this sediment. These computed quantities are shown to correlate well with corresponding quantities derived from empirical investigation.     

高空西北气流下特大暴雨的预报误差分析及思考

利用常规及非常规气象资料、业务数值预报模式、GFS再分析资料(0.5°×0.5°),分析了2016年6月19日江西北部高空西北气流下特大暴雨环境场特征和数值模式误差,对比了相似形势的暴雨过程,找出业务预报误差较大的可能原因是对高空"干冷"西北气流南移、副热带高压北抬的速度、低空西南急流加强及前端辐合、上游移来短波槽、异常水汽条件的综合作用分析不到位,各类数值模式产品对降水落区预报偏北、强度预报偏弱也影响了预报员对暴雨的综合判断;给出了预报这类特大暴雨着眼点和预报概念模型以及订正模式降水的思路。     

几种特殊地形对气流运动影响的解析研究

在地形相关函数与地形高度函数近似相等的假设下,利用一种解析方法得到多种典型地形影响下的大气中尺度运动的定常解析解以及对应的气流运动情况。结果表明,在地形上风方的水平方向不呈现波动形态;低(浅)的地形不会在大气中形成急流和转子。对各种有一定高(深)度的地形,当Froude数Fr 1/π时,大气波动仅出现在地形附近,低层流线接近地形,向上则波动有所减弱;当1/πFr1/(2π)时,该波动不仅出现在地形附近,还出现在地形的下风方,波长与地形的水平尺度无关,仅取决于背景场,且向上波动仍有所减弱;当Fr1/(2π)时,在地形下风方的大气中层,会形成一支急流,再往下风方,该急流又分为两支,一支位于大气高层,一支位于大气低层,并又会在大气中层再度汇合;在该急流的一侧或两侧,会出现转子;在奇异值Fr=(nπ)-1上出现间断,扰动会出现一个急剧增强的现象。     

春季中国东部海域气旋急流在气旋发展中的作用研究

对2008—2014年中国东部海域春季海上发展气旋进行了统计与诊断分析。结果表明:1)这类气旋属于较浅薄的低值系统,垂直伸展高度多在600 h Pa以下,水平尺度多在1 500 km以内。伴随的强天气为大风、大浪与强降水,落区主要位于气旋东南部。2)气旋环流各层的大风急流区构成了气旋的东南部位,称为气旋急流。从高层到低层,气旋急流轴在垂直方向上呈逆时针旋转,形成气旋上大下小的漏斗形状。3)气旋急流左侧的气旋式切变有利于气旋中心强度的维持,上层气旋急流左侧对应下层气旋急流前部流速辐合区,有利于气旋式动力抽吸及在气旋东南部形成强的垂直上升运动区。各层气旋急流配置导致气旋的非对称结构,以及气旋要素的非对称分布。气旋急流向气旋中输入螺旋度以及充足的水汽,并在东南部强烈抬升,增强了凝结潜热释放,从热力和动力两方面促进气旋发展及强天气落区。4)春季下垫面温度分布(锋区)有利于气旋急流的增强,并通过西北部非绝热冷却和东南部非绝热加热,增强气旋斜压性。高空环境西风急流位于气旋右侧,形成了整层偏差风辐合,有效增强低层气旋急流。同时高空动量下传位于气旋西侧,首先增强气旋西北部的弱流部分(即气旋螺旋结构的下沉支),进而增强整个气旋的螺旋环流,促使气旋急流也从下层开始增强。