高压喷射注浆法产生的超孔隙水压分析

介绍了高载射注浆法的作用机理,探讨了在施工过程中高压喷射注浆法引起的超孔隙压。根据半无限土体中小孔扩张问题的解,分析了在超孔隙水压作用的瞬时,土体中的应力、变形等,并提出了经验公式。结合一具体工程事故的成功处理,验证了所建议超孔隙水压公式的可行性,同时提出了减少超孔隙水压的对策和方法。     

基于GIS的岩溶地区水土流失遥感定量监测研究——以贵州省(原)安顺市为例

本文主要介绍了基于GIS的水土流失定量评价模型的组成、各参数因子的算式算法 ,以及该模型在贵州省 (原 )安顺市的应用结果。模型是以修正的通用土壤流失方程 (RUSLE)为核心 ,在GIS中建立模型各因子空间数据 ,并通过PAMAP对它们进行综合分析。定量评价结果表明 ,(原 )安顺市年平均土壤流失总量为 86777吨 ,平均侵蚀模数为 4 0 9.4t/km2 ·a;轻度以上侵蚀面积 72 .7km2 ,强度以上侵蚀面积 53 .2km2 (含剧烈侵蚀面积 3 0 .9km2 )。其平均侵蚀模数与以往实测调查结果相比有 97.5%的一致性 ,表明该方法在贵州省岩溶地区的水土流失监测中具有较高的可靠性。     

黄铁矿及硫酸盐对水利工程的影响破坏初探

西北地区的环境不中常含有大量的硫酸盐,金属硫休物也有广泛分布。侵蚀介质对砼的侵蚀作用,易发生在不工建筑、引水工程以及浸没在地下水位以下的各种砼的地下构筑物中。通过对黄铁矿及硫酸盐的破坏影响机制进行初步分析表明,其对边坡稳定、渗流稳定及水工建筑物安全均可能造成重大危害,应引起广泛重视。     

埕岛海域海底冲淤的初步数值研究

从沉积动力学的角度,在分析实测和历史资料的基础上,首先总结出埕岛海域的海底冲淤变化规律,尔后通过潮流场的模拟,数值求解输沙方程,以研究埕岛海域的海底冲淤.初步探讨运用数值模拟手段来研究海底冲淤变化.     

黄土丘陵区小流域土地利用变化对生态环境的影响：以延安市羊圈沟？…

选择黄土丘陵沟壑区的羊圈沟流域,应用地理信息系统和野外采样技术,从小流域,坡面和单一土地利用类型三个尺度层次研究土地利用变化对流域土壤侵蚀,土壤养分和土壤水分的影响。结果发现：１９９６年比１９８４年该流域坡耕地减少４３％,林地增加了４２％,草地增加了５％,土壤侵蚀量减少了２４％。     

A model of Cs activity profile for soil erosion studies in uncultivated soils of Mediterranean environments

A model to simulate ¹³⁷Cs profiles in soils during the time in which they are being eroded is proposed. The model uses one parameter to characterize the cesium transference in the soil and another to express the erosion rate. To test the model, ¹³⁷Cs profiles of stable and eroded soils were collected at sampling sites located on semi-arid and temperate slopes in the Central Ebro basin, Spain. The ¹³⁷Cs profiles, corresponding to uncultivated soils with natural vegetation cover, were simulated using this model. The ¹³⁷Cs inventories and profiles calculated with the model are very similar to those measured experimentally, and thus it is possible to calculate soil erosion rates in physiographically diverse Mediterranean environments.     

The effect of long-term aerial exposure on intertidal mudflat erodibility

Intertidal zones by definition are exposed to air at low tide, and the exposure duration can be weeks (e.g. during neap tides) depending on water level and bed elevation. Here we investigated the effect of varying exposure duration (6 h to 10 days) on intertidal mudflat erosion (measured using the EROMES device), where the effects of water content and biofilm biomass (using chlorophyll-a content as a proxy, Chl-a μg g⁻¹) were taken into account. Sediments were collected between spring and summer (in October 2018, January 2019 and February 2019) from an intertidal site in the Firth of Thames, New Zealand. Longer exposure duration resulted in more stable sediments [higher erosion threshold (Ƭ_cr, N m⁻²) and lower erosion rate (ER, g m⁻² s⁻¹)]. After 10 days, exposure increased Ƭ_cr by 1.7 to 4.4 times and decreased ER by 11.6 to 21.5 times compared with 6 h of exposure. Chl-a and water content changed with exposure duration and were significantly correlated with changes in Ƭ_cr and ER. The stability of sediments after two re-submersion periods following exposure was also examined and showed that the stabilizing effect of exposure persisted even though water content had increased to non-exposure levels. Re-submersion was associated with an increase in Chl-a content, which likely counteracted the destabilizing influence of increased water content. A site-specific model, which included the interplay between evaporation and biofilm biomass, was developed to predict water content as a function of exposure duration. The modelled water content (W_Mod.) explained 98% of the observed variation in water content (W_Obs.). These results highlight how the exposure period can cause subtle changes to erosion regimes of sediments. An understanding of these effects (e.g. in sediment transport modelling) is critical to predicting the resilience of intertidal zones into the future, when sea-level rise is believed to exacerbate erosion in low-lying areas. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A study of extratropical transition and re-intensification of Typhoon Mindulle (2004)

In this study,the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU-NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) is used to simulate Typhoon Mindulle (2004) at high resolution (3-km grid size).The data from measurements show that in the upper atmosphere the existence of an upper jet is important to the transition cyclone.When Mindulle moved to the area of the upper jet entrance,where high-altitude divergence existed, the pumping of the high-altitude divergence would enhance the vertical motion and low-level cyclone convergence. The enhanced vertical motion was confirmed by the simulation results and indicated that the existence of upper divergence enhanced the vertical motion which was favorable for the maintenance of Typhoon Mindulle.The process of extratropical transition (ET) and re-intensification always accompanies the process of cold air invasion. This process enhances the baroclinicity of the atmosphere and the formation of front at high altitudes, which converts baroclinic potential energy into kinetic energy and strengthens the cyclone vortex.The distributions of equivalent potential temperature (θe) and temperature anomalies show that the warm-core of the typhoon at the tropopause aids the re-intensification of the system. As the typhoon reenters the ocean, latent heat flux (LHF) increases in the north and west and the strong reflectivity and vertical motion occur in the east and southeast,and the west.With the re-intensification of the typhoon the wind field evolves from an oval to a circle at the lower atmosphere, the area coverage by high winds increases, and the distribution of the tangential wind shows an asymmetric pattern.     

Rate of soil erosion processes on vineyards in central Piedmont (NW Italy)

The ‘Tertiary Basin of Piedmont’ is a hilly region, mainly composed of marine sediments, such as marls, silts and sands. The slopes, largely devoted to grape production, are usually kept bare of vegetation and are thus prone to soil erosion processes. For two years we have measured soil loss in relation to rainfall on experimental plots located in vineyards. In all the plots considered erosion started with low rainfall intensities (0·07 mm/min), and above 0·4 mm/min the amount of soil loss dramatically increased (to over 1800 g/m in one event). Most of the erosion occurs during summer rainstorms, but the behaviour of the soil under erosive rainfalls is very different from one site to another, depending only in part upon the various rainfall rates, soil and geometrical characteristics of the plots. It can be seen that soil loss varies from nearly negligible values (20 g/m/yr) to unacceptably high levels (to over 4·7 kg/m/yr), according to the different types of land cultivation. Deep ploughing and heavy herbicide treatment give rise to accelerated erosion processes leading to soil losses much higher than in other vineyard plots in Europe.     

东亚高空急流协同变化对冬季欧亚遥相关型气候效应的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和我国地面735站气温和降水资料,首先分析了欧亚遥相关型的时间演变和结构特征,在此基础上探讨了欧亚遥相关型不同位相时东亚大气环流的差异,并进一步研究了欧亚遥相关型影响我国冬季气温和降水过程中东亚高空急流的重要作用。从结构上看,欧亚遥相关型位势高度异常中心位于250 hPa高度,表现出准正压的结构。欧亚遥相关型位于正位相时,东亚温带急流强度偏弱且位置向北移动;副热带急流强度偏强,两支急流在45°N附近有明显分界;西伯利亚高压和阿留申低压强度增强;东亚大槽加深,槽线倾斜不明显。负位相时则相反。欧亚遥相关型与东亚高空急流的联系是其影响我国气温降水的重要原因。正欧亚遥相关型时,偏弱的温带急流区较强的北风分量有利于北方冷空气南下,从而造成我国气温偏低;偏强的副热带急流区增强的南风将副热带地区暖湿空气向北输送,两支急流协同变化,影响我国冬季降水异常的分布。去掉温带急流或副热带急流偏强的年份,欧亚遥相关型与我国温度、降水的相关性显著减弱,说明欧亚遥相关型是通过东亚高空急流协同变化的桥梁,对我国温度和降水异常产生影响。进一步研究发现,欧亚遥相关型与副热带急流的关系不如其与温带急流稳定,导致在欧亚遥相关型同一位相时东亚高空急流存在两种不同的配置,这种高空急流配置的不唯一性使得东亚高空急流能对欧亚遥相关型的气候效应起到调控作用。