多重孔岩石微分等效介质模型及其干燥情形下的解析近似式

经典的微分等效介质(DEM)理论可用于确定多孔介质的弹性性质,但由于缺乏多重孔DEM方程,其估计的多重孔岩石的等效弹性模量依赖于包裹体(即不同孔隙纵横比的孔或缝)的添加顺序.本文首先从Kuster-Toksöz理论出发建立了Zimmermann和Norris两种形式的多重孔DEM方程.Norris形式的多重孔DEM方程预测的等效弹性模量总是位于Hashin-Shtrikman上下限内,而Zimmermann形式的多重孔DEM方程有时会越界.然后,通过使用干燥岩石模量比的解析近似式,对两个相互耦合的Norris形式DEM方程进行解耦得到干燥多重孔岩石的体积和剪切模量解析式.用全DEM方程的数值解对解析近似式的有效性进行了测试,解析公式的计算结果在整个孔隙度分布区间与数值解吻合良好.对实验室测量数据在假设岩石含有双重孔隙的情形下用双重孔DEM解析公式对岩石的弹性模量进行了预测,结果表明,解析式准确地预测了弹性模量随孔隙度的变化.双重孔(即软、硬孔)DEM解析模型可用来反演各孔隙类型的孔隙体积比,它可以通过实验室测量与理论预测之间的平方误差最小反演得到.砂岩样品的反演结果揭示,软孔的孔隙体积百分比与粘土含量没有明显的相关性.     

Seasonally Hypersaline Estuaries in Mediterranean-climate Regions

Data collected in three Californian estuaries indicate that hypersaline conditions exist during the dry summers typical of a Mediterranean climate. The generalised seasonal and longitudinal hydrographic structures are described and explained. It is argued that this seasonal hypersalinity is common and that it represents a major class of estuaries. The observed accumulation of salt indicates surprisingly long residence times in small basins which have free exchange with the ocean. This semi-isolation of the inner basin leads to a large build-up or severe depletion of nutrients, pollutants and plankton in these systems. Of concern are the trends to increase pollutant loading in the same systems that are experiencing an increase in residence times owing to freshwater extraction in the watershed.     

利用大地水准面模型计算垂线偏差的方法及精度分析

根据大地水准面与垂线偏差的关系,设计合理的计算方案,给出利用大地水准面模型计算垂线偏差的简化公式,并通过模拟计算探讨大地水准面相对精度、取点间距和已知点选取及个数对计算结果的影响。利用GEOID12B模型分别计算GSVS2011、GSVS2014项目中各测站点和美国西部区域（40°~45°N,100°~105°W,分辨率为1′）的垂线偏差,并与GSVS项目垂线偏差实测值和DEFLEC12B模型值进行比较。结果表明,垂线偏差南北分量和东西分量的计算精度均优于±0.5″,说明利用相对精度为cm甚至亚cm级的大地水准面模型可获取较高精度的垂线偏差。     

相对位移反分析的DFP优化方法及其工程应用

洞室围岩的某些参数,如弹性模量、强度参数等,对地下洞室的施工和设计具有极其重要的作用,直接进行这些参数的现场测量势必要耗费大量的物资和精力,在这种背景下,位移反分析的工程应用具有很重要的理论和实用价值。但洞室工程中大量不确定性因素的存在使得监测结果不可避免地存在随机性,有时会使得变形监测结果产生较大的误差,甚至失真。因此以监测结果的绝对值所反演得到的参数可能是错误的。在这种情况下,以监测数据的相对值进行参数反演在一定程度上可以消除测量误差。基于相对位移的随机反分析法并结合DFP优化算法开发了基于相对位移的随机反分析法,将其应用于一具体洞室工程中反演其弹性模量取得了较为理想的效果。     

Representations of inverse covariances by differential operators

In the cost function of three- or four-dimensional variational data assimilation, each term is weighted by the inverse of its associated error covariance matrix and the background error covariance matrix is usually much larger than the other covariance matrices. Although the background error covariances are traditionally normalized and parameterized by simple smooth homogeneous correlation functions, the covariance matrices constructed from these correlation functions are often too large to be inverted or even manipulated. It is thus desirable to find direct representations of the inverses of background error correlations. This problem is studied in this paper. In particular, it is shown that the background term can be written into f dx|Dv(x)|^2, that is, a squared L2 norm of a vector differential operator D, called the D-operator, applied to the field of analysis increment v(x). For autoregressive correlation functions, the D-operators are of finite orders. For Gaussian correlation functions, the D-operators are of infinite order. For practical applications, the Gaussian D-operators must be truncated to finite orders. The truncation errors are found to be small even when the Gaussian D-operators are truncated to low orders. With a truncated D-operator, the background term can be easily constructed with neither inversion nor direct calculation of the covariance matrix. D-operators are also derived for non-Gaussian correlations and transformed into non-isotropic forms.     

Inference of in situ stress from thermoporoelastic borehole breakouts based on artificial neural network

The determination of in situ stresses is very important in petroleum engineering. Hydraulic fracturing is a widely accepted technique for the determination of in situ stresses nowadays. Unfortunately, the hydraulic fracturing test is time-consuming and expensive. Taking advantage of the shape of borehole breakouts measured from widely available caliper and image logs to determine in situ stress in petroleum engineering is highly attractive. By finite element modeling of borehole breakouts considering thermoporoelasticity, the authors simulate the process of borehole breakouts in terms of initiation, development, and stabilization under Mogi-Coulomb criterion and end up with the shape of borehole breakouts. Artificial neural network provides such a tool to establish the relationship between in situ stress and shape of borehole breakouts, which can be used to determine in situ stress based on different shape of borehole breakouts by inverse analysis. In this paper, two steps are taken to determine in situ stress by inverse analysis. First, sets of finite element modeling provide sets of data on in situ stress and borehole breakout measures considering the influence of drilling fluid temperature and pore pressure, which will be used to train an artificial neural network that can eventually represent the relationship between the in situ stress and borehole breakout measures. Second, for a given measure of borehole breakouts in a certain drilling fluid temperature, the trained artificial neural network will be used to predict the corresponding in situ stress. Results of numerical experiments show that the inverse analysis based on finite element modeling of borehole breakouts and artificial neural network is a promising method to determine in situ stress.     

基于Ruger近似式预测裂缝型储层的可行性研究

叠前纵波方位各向异性检测裂缝是目前应用最为广泛的方法,该方法主要是利用AVAZ地震资料椭圆拟合的长轴与短轴信息来评价裂缝,该方法在具体应用时,认为裂缝型储层AVAZ响应特征的变化仅由各向异性参数决定,而没有考虑非各向异性参数的影响,从而引起裂缝评价的多解性。为提高该技术的裂缝评价精度,从模型分析入手,将模型中各向异性参数及岩性参数设置为概率密度分布函数,然后采用Monte Carlo随机方法进行叠前AVAZ正演模拟。首先,对各向异性参数对椭圆拟合的影响进行简单分析,得出各向异性参数γ对椭圆扁率B/A与各向异性因子B影响最大、δ次之、ε最小。然后,进一步重点分析不同标准差的速度与密度模型的B/A与B响应特征,得出地层的速度与密度的变化在较小范围内时,该技术评价裂缝才具有一定的可行性,其中,地层纵波和横波速度的变化（尤其是纵波速度）对叠前AVAZ响应影响较大,地层密度几乎没有影响,故当横向岩性变化较大时,该方法在评价裂缝型储层时的结果具有一定的不确定性。     

The Kuroshio East of Taiwan and in the East China Sea and the currents East of Ryukyu Islands during early summer of 1996

Using hydrographic data and moored current meter records and the ADCP observed current data during May–June 1996, a modified inverse method is applied to calculate the Kuroshio east of Taiwan and in the East China Sea and the currents east of Ryukyu Islands. There are three branches of the Kuroshio east of Taiwan. The Kuroshio in the East China Sea comes from the main (first) and second branches of the Kuroshio east of Taiwan. The easternmost (third) branch of the Kuroshio flows northeastward to the region east of Ryukyu Islands. The net northward volume transports of the Kuroshio through Section K₂ southeast of Taiwan and Section PN in the East China Sea are 44.4×10⁶ and 27.2×10⁶ m³s⁻¹, respectively. The western boundary current east of Ryukyu Islands comes from the easternmost branch of the Kuroshio east of Taiwan and an anticyclonic recirculating gyre more east, making volume transports of 10 to 15×10⁶ m³s⁻¹. At about 21°N, 127°E southeast of Taiwan, there is a cold eddy which causes branching of the Kuroshio there.     

列车振动荷载作用下南京细砂累积变形预测公式对比分析

列车振动荷载引起的路基长期沉降问题一直是影响列车正常运营的重要因素。首先,采用GDS空心圆柱扭剪仪对新近沉积的南京细砂重塑样进行循环三轴试验研究。在该基础上,通过总结国内外学者研究的累积变形模型公式,并与试验数据进行对比,分析了已有多种公式应用于南京细砂动力累积变形的预测时的可行性,给出了相关预测公式的模型参数参考值。根据试验结果,考虑试验围压对土体累积变形的影响规律,对部分公式进行了初步修正,扩大了相关预测公式的使用范围。研究成果对长江中下游轨道交通路基的长期沉降预测具有一定的指导意义和参考价值。     

Design of a hydraulic power take-off system for the wave energy device with an inverse pendulum

This paper describes a dual-stroke acting hydraulic power take-off （PTO） system employed in the wave energy converter （WEC） with an inverse pendulum. The hydraulic PTO converts slow irregular reciprocating wave motions to relatively smooth, fast rotation of an electrical generator. The design of the hydraulic PTO system and its control are critical to maximize the generated power. A time domain simulation study and the laboratory experiment of the full-scale beach test are presented. The results of the simulation and laboratory experiments including their comparison at full-scale are also presented, which have validated the rationality of the design and the reliability of some key components of the prototype of the WEC with an inverse pendulum with the dual-stroke acting hydraulic PTO system.