近海水动力要素对入侵台风响应的FVCOM数值模拟研究

基于无结构三角网格和有限体积法的FVCOM区域海洋模式,建立了长江口、杭州湾三维典型风暴潮研究模型.首先对研究海域模拟的潮汐潮流要素进行验证和讨论,结果表明:该模式可较好的再现长江口杭州湾的水动力状况;其次统计并分析近年来影响长江口杭州湾海域的22个台风个例,归纳出两类直接入侵长江口、杭州湾并造成显著增减水的台风:正面...     

GFP标记的迟缓爱德华菌感染诸氏鲻虾虎鱼后组织分布研究

为探讨迟缓爱德华菌(Edwarsiellatarda)入侵途径,建立感染模型,作者通过电转化法构建GFP标记的迟缓爱德华菌EtMc1512(质粒PMDpp-EGFP),实验设立浸泡组、腹腔注射组和肌肉注射组,感染后采集各组实验诸氏鲻虾虎鱼(Mugilogobius chulae)血液、鳃、肝脏、肠、肌肉,培养法统计分析各组织中的荧光细菌数;浸泡组取样时间为0、2、4、6、8、12、24 h,腹腔注射组和肌肉注射组取样时间为6、12、24、48、72、96h。结果显示,构建的EtMc1512-GFP具有较强荧光,GFP标记前后菌株毒力基因(citC、mukF、esrB、katB、fimA、gadB)检测结果均为阳性。浸泡感染后实验鱼各组织内的荧光菌随时间表现为先升后降的趋势,最高菌量出现在肠道(2.51×106CFU/g),其次为鳃(4.19×104CFU/g)、血液(1.65×104CFU/g),肠道荧光菌显著高于其他组织(P0.05);腹腔注射感染后肝脏(4.55×106CFU/g)和血液(4.65×106CFU/g)菌量最高;肌肉注射感染后肌肉在48h首先检出荧光菌,血液(2.93×104 CFU/g)菌量最高。结果表明,肠道、肝脏和肌肉分别是迟缓爱德华菌浸泡感染、腹腔注射感染和肌肉注射感染诸氏鲻虾虎鱼的主要组织器官,在自然条件下迟缓爱德华菌经口感染诸氏鲻虾虎鱼风险较高。     

Reproductive and recruitment traits as indicators of the invasive potential of Kalanchoe daigremontiana (Crassulaceae) and Stapelia gigantea (Apocynaceae) in a Neotropical arid zone

Populations of two ornamental exotic species, Kalanchoe daigremontiana and Stapelia gigantea, have been recently detected inside a protected area containing arid ecosystems in Venezuela. We indirectly tested their invasive potential by characterizing their reproductive biology and recruitment patterns and comparing our estimates against Baker's Law and reproductive profiles reported for invasive plants. K. daigremontiana is autogamous, produces >16,000 seeds per plant and also reproduces clonally. Despite low seed viability (17.9%) and germination rates (11.9%), seeds were present in the seed bank. Plantlets of asexual origin showed high survival (75–100%) compared to seedlings of sexual origin (10%). S. gigantea is self-incompatible, xenogamous and produces close to 1500 seeds per m² of plant tissue. Seed viability (77%) and germination rates (62%) were high, but this species is not represented in the seed bank. It has a vegetative growth. A combination of reproductive and recruitment attributes, which match those considered in Baker's Law and others reported for invasive plants, confer K. daigremontiana and S. gigantea the potential to invade Neotropical arid zones; the former mainly through selfing and production of numerous asexual plantlets, and the latter through an association with a locally abundant pollinator and production of wind dispersed seeds.     

江西省生物入侵的现状、危害及对策

近年来,江西生物入侵现象日益严重,严重威胁着当地的生物多样性和生态安全。据此,在研究分析江西生物入侵现状、危害及特点的基础上,结合江西实际,提出了具体的控制对策。研究结果认为,江西生物入侵已呈现出传入的途径增加、频率加快,入侵的生物种类增多且分布区域扩大,入侵的潜在威胁不断增大等发展态势,严重威胁当地的生态安全和人民的身体健康,并造成了巨大的经济损失。要有效防治生物入侵现象,应坚持“预防为主、防治结合”的原则,强化生态安全保护意识,建立健全法律、法规,建立生物引进风险评价制度,加强协调和管理,加快对已入侵生物的综合治理。     

海洋植物谱系地理模式与遗传连通性研究进展

海洋植物谱系地理学虽然在国内受到的关注比较有限,但近年来的研究进展对了解环境变动如何影响物种的多样性结构、生态适应和进化潜力等亦提供了重要信息.本文首先对刊发海洋植物谱系地理研究最具代表性的两本国际期刊《Molecular Ecology》和《Journal of Biogeography》进行搜索和筛选,从研究团队的...     

截齿滚动掘进冻土过程的影响因素数值模拟研究

为了解决竖井冻土开挖难度大、人工挖掘效率低的问题,研究发明了一种新型重力式竖井掘进机,该掘进机利用截齿连续滚动向下、行走式掘进冻土,在竖井冻土掘进中具有较好的适应性,而截齿侵入深度是影响掘进冻土效率的重要因素。先采用三维软件建模,通过霍普金森压杆冲击试验,结合HJC压缩损伤模型原始参数,优化得到冻土本构模型参数;再利用有限元分析软件耦合,模拟截齿在不同侵入深度下滚动掘进冻土,得到冻土在不同凹陷破坏深度下的截齿三向力、冻土应力和应变的变化规律,便于直观研究截齿掘进冻土过程,寻求最优截齿侵入深度。仿真结果表明：随着截齿侵入深度增加,截齿三向力变大,冻土凹陷面积扩大,冻土应力向下无边界扩展递减;冻土与截齿接触区域应力、应变最大,远离截齿作用时冻土区域的应力、应变逐渐递减,其变化规律与截齿连续滚动掘进冻土特征相关;当冻土单轴抗压强度为9 MPa时,截齿滚动掘进冻土过程存在最优截齿侵入深度,为4 cm,此时冻土破坏特征明显,截齿滚动掘进冻土效率最高且能耗低。     

贵州福泉市英坪磷矿水文地质条件与深部工程突水灾害防治研究

采用先分析后逐层深入的方法,对福泉市英坪磷矿区水文地质条件进行了分析,选择矿区南风竖井工程附近断层、节理裂隙等发育的富水区域,采用大口径钻孔抽排地下水,利用抽排形成的补给漏斗对地下水静水压力、水位、补径排等进行干预,摸清了矿区地下水补径排规律,查明了造成深部采掘工程施工突水的主要因素及途径。研究认为,在断裂和节理裂隙发育的富水区进行大口径钻孔抽排可达到抽排疏干效果,能够较好地解决突水危害,是治理矿山突水危害十分有效的措施。该防治技术方法在该地区类似矿山建设中具有较大的推广意义。     

Detecting understory plant invasion in urban forests using LiDAR

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data are increasingly used to measure structural characteristics of urban forests but are rarely used to detect the growing problem of exotic understory plant invaders. We explored the merits of using LiDAR-derived metrics alone and through integration with spectral data to detect the spatial distribution of the exotic understory plant Ligustrum sinense, a rapidly spreading invader in the urbanizing region of Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. We analyzed regional-scale L. sinense occurrence data collected over the course of three years with LiDAR-derived metrics of forest structure that were categorized into the following groups: overstory, understory, topography, and overall vegetation characteristics, and IKONOS spectral features – optical. Using random forest (RF) and logistic regression (LR) classifiers, we assessed the relative contributions of LiDAR and IKONOS derived variables to the detection of L. sinense. We compared the top performing models developed for a smaller, nested experimental extent using RF and LR classifiers, and used the best overall model to produce a predictive map of the spatial distribution of L. sinense across our country-wide study extent. RF classification of LiDAR-derived topography metrics produced the highest mapping accuracy estimates, outperforming IKONOS data by 17.5% and the integration of LiDAR and IKONOS data by 5.3%. The top performing model from the RF classifier produced the highest kappa of 64.8%, improving on the parsimonious LR model kappa by 31.1% with a moderate gain of 6.2% over the county extent model. Our results demonstrate the superiority of LiDAR-derived metrics over spectral data and fusion of LiDAR and spectral data for accurately mapping the spatial distribution of the forest understory invader L. sinense.     

双侧向测井仪器响应的数值分析

在简化的二维全非均匀介质模型情况下，利用有限差分方法，编制了计算双侧井仪器响应的数值模拟程序。利用模拟程序，考查并分析了模型中各参数（侵入带半径、侵入带电阻率围岩电阻率、目的层厚度等）对仪器响应的数值分析，进行实际资料反演处理的初始参数选取，以提高反演的收敛速度。