海～气耦合振荡的非绝热慢波

本文从大气能量平衡方程和海温变化方程出发,得到海～气耦合的多频振荡系统,分析此多频系统的特殊频率方程得到: 1)当大气视为非定常,海洋视为定常的情况下,得到的波动本质上是非绝热的Rossby波。 2)当大气定常,海洋非定常的情况下,得到两类性质相异的波动;一类是周期为准半年(4～9月)的非绝热慢波,另一类是周期为准两年(2～3年)的非绝热慢波;两类慢波的传播方向完全相反,准两年波比准半年波传播得更慢(两者几乎相差一个量级)。     

滇中南无量山种子植物区系联系及其地位

无量山种子植物区系迄今为止含207科,1027属,2548种,极其丰富,通过对区系相似性系数、云南各自然小区的共有种频率以及中国特有属三方面的分析,把无量山置于东亚植物区的中国-喜马拉雅森林植物亚区的云南高原地区。     

陕西秦巴火山岩的分布特征及其与成矿的关系

陕西秦巴区元古宙和早古生代火山活动强烈,火山岩发育。经研究,其火山岩形成机制,多与裂谷构造有关。这些火山岩中与之相关的矿产有钼、铼、钨、金、铅、银、锌、铜、铁、金红石及有关的非金属矿等。本文从该区火山岩的特征出发,分析其所产出的大地构造环境,并探讨火山岩与矿产之间的关系,最后提出进一步找矿的建议。     

Using an unbaited stationary video system to investigate the behaviour and interactions of bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas under an aquaculture farm

Bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas are common along the coast of Reunion Island (South-West Indian Ocean) and were suspected to aggregate in the vicinity of an aquaculture farm in Saint-Paul Bay on the west coast. In order to understand the behaviour and interaction of bull sharks near aquaculture cages at Saint-Paul Bay, we deployed an experimental unbaited stationary video camera. From 175 hours of recording during daylight hours from March to April 2012, eight individual female bull sharks (seven adults and one immature) were identified based on their natural markings. These sharks were resighted between 3 and 45 times. Residency analysis revealed site attachment under the aquaculture cages for at least three individuals over the course of the study. Recorded behaviours included intraspecific social interactions such as synchronised swimming. Social interactions and relatively strong paired associations for two pairs of females suggest some level of sociality among bull sharks around Reunion Island. Overall, our results demonstrate the utility of unbaited video systems to monitor the behaviour of adult coastal sharks.     

Integrating social network data into GISystems

Today, online social media outlets provide new and plentiful sources of data on social networks (SNs) and location-based social networks (LBSNs), i.e., geolocated evidence of connections between individuals. While SNs have been used to show how the magnitude of social connectivity decreases with distance, there are few examples of how to include SNs as layers in a GISystem. If SNs, and thus, interpersonal relationships, could be analyzed in a geographic information system (GIS) setting, we could better model how humans socialize, share information, and form social groups within the complex geographic landscape.

Our goal is to facilitate a guide for analyzing SNs (as derived from online social media, telecommunications, surveys, etc.) within geographic space by combining the mature fields of social network analysis (SNA) and GISystems. First, we describe why modeling socialization in geographic space is essential for understanding human behavior. We then outline best practices and techniques for embedding SN nodes and edges in GISystems by introducing terms like ‘social flow’ and ‘anthrospace’, and categorizations for data and spatial aggregation types. Finally, we explore case study vignettes of SNA within GISystems from diverse regions located in Bolivia, China, Côte d’Ivoire, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the United States, using concepts such as geolocated dyads, ego–alter relationships, node feature roles, modularity, and network transitivity.     

群组目标空间方向关系形式化描述模型

针对目前群组目标空间方向关系模型在描述方向关系方面存在的不精确及复杂性等问题,该文提出一种形式化描述模型。该模型采用"剥皮"法计算得到源目标群的边界多边形,较好地顾及了空间形状及分布范围对方向关系的影响;并通过方向关系矩阵模型计算源目标群的边界多边形与各方向区域之间的交,借助矩阵形式化描述源目标群相对于参考目标群的空间方向关系。实验结果表明,该模型较好地克服了现有方法中存在的缺陷,能够准确判断地理空间中两个群组目标之间的空间方向关系。     

Wasp-waist populations and marine ecosystem dynamics: Navigating the “predator pit” topographies

Many marine ecosystems exhibit a characteristic “wasp-waist” structure, where a single species, or at most several species, of small planktivorous fishes entirely dominate their trophic level. These species have complex life histories that result in radical variability that may propagate to both higher and lower trophic levels of the ecosystem. In addition, these populations have two key attributes: (1) they represent the lowest trophic level that is mobile, so they are capable of relocating their area of operation according to their own internal dynamics; (2) they may prey upon the early life stages of their predators, forming an unstable feedback loop in the trophic system that may, for example, precipitate abrupt regime shifts. Experience with the typical “boom-bust” dynamics of this type of population, and with populations that interact trophically with them, suggests a “predator pit” type of dynamics. This features a refuge from predation when abundance is very low, very destructive predation between an abundance level sufficient to attract interest from predators and an abundance level sufficient to satiate available predators, and, as abundance increases beyond this satiation point, decreasing specific predation mortality and population breakout. A simple formalism is developed to describe these dynamics. Examples of its application include (a) a hypothetical mechanism for progressive geographical habitat expansion at high biomass, (b) an explanation for the out-of-phase alternations of abundances of anchovies and sardines in many regional systems that appear to occur without substantial adverse interactions between the two species groups, and (c) an account of an interaction of environmental processes and fishery exploitation that caused a regime shift. The last is the example of the Baltic Sea, where the cod resource collapsed in concert with establishment of dominance of that ecosystem by the cod’s ‘wasp-waist” prey, herring and sprat.     

南沙渚碧礁生态系营养关系的稳定碳同位素研究

利用稳定碳同位素分析技术研究了南沙渚碧礁生态系食物网主要生物类群之间的营养关系。结果表明，生物的稳定碳同位素组成与其营养来源有密切关系。浮游植物的δ^13C为-18.3‰，与其所处海域的环境条件一致，浮游动物的δ^13C值变化较大，范围为-20.4‰～-10.9‰,表明可能存在浮游植物和碎屑两种营养来源。珊瑚和砗磲的碳同位素组成（-17‰～-15‰）与浮游动物相差较大，暗示共生虫黄藻可能在这些珊瑚的营养来源中起重要作用。底栖海参（-9.6‰)和蜘蛛螺（-12.5‰)的碳同位不比组成与它们沉积物食性的营养特征吻合。鱼类的δ^13C值变化范围较大（-17.7‰～-10.9‰），未表现出随营养级升高而增大的趋势，说明影响鱼类碳同位素组成的因素比较复杂。     

Spatial organization of groundwater dynamics and streamflow response from different hydropedological units in a montane catchment

Groundwater dynamics play an important role in runoff generation and hydrologic connectivity between hillslopes and streams. We monitored a network of 14 shallow groundwater (GW) wells in a 3.2 km² experimental catchment in the Scottish Highlands. Wells were placed in three contrasting landscape units with different hydropedological characteristics and different topographic positions relative to the stream network, encompassing a catena sequence from freely draining podzols on steeper hillslopes to increasingly thick peats (histosols) in the valley bottom riparian zone. GW dynamics were characterized by statistical analyses of water table fluctuations, estimation of variabilities in lag times and hysteresis response in relation to streamflow. The three landscape units had distinct storage–discharge relationships and threshold responses with a certain GW level above which lateral flow dominates. Steeper hillslopes with freely draining podzols were characterized by GW fluctuations of around 150 cm in the underlying drift. GW usually showed peak response up to several hours after stream flow. During persistent wet periods the water table remained in the soil profile for short spells and connected shallow flow paths in the near surface horizons to the lower hillslopes. In the peaty gleys in the lower foot slopes, GW was characterized by a water table generally within 20 cm of the soil surface, though at some locations this could fall to 50 cm in extreme dry periods. GW responses were usually a few hours prior to the stream responses. In riparian peats, the water table was also usually less than 20 cm deep and responded several hours before the stream. These riparian peat soils remain at, or very near saturation with near‐continuous GW–surface water connectivity. In contrast, the steeper slopes remain disconnected for prolonged periods and need large recharge events to overcome storage thresholds. GW responses vary seasonally, and landscape controls on the spatial organization of GW dynamics are strongest at low flows and in small events. During wettest periods, limited storage and extensive saturation weaken such controls. This study demonstrated that montane catchments can have highly dynamic GW stores, which are important in generating both storm flows and baseflows. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

林窗对格氏栲天然林更新层物种竞争的影响

采用Hegyi单木竞争指数模型探讨林窗和林下格氏栲(Castanopsis kawakamii)幼苗幼树种内和种间竞争强度,分析林窗对格氏栲天然林更新层物种竞争的影响。结果表明:随着对象木高度的增加,林窗和林下格氏栲幼苗幼树的种内竞争强度逐渐减少。林窗种间竞争强度的顺序为:梨茶(Camellia octopetala)>褐毛石楠(Photinia hirsuta)>黄润楠(Machilus grijsii)>桂北木姜子(Litsea subcoriacea)>毛鳞省藤(Calamus thysanolepis)>酸味子(Antidesma japonicum)>少叶黄杞(Engelhardtia fenzelii)>矩圆叶鼠刺(Itea chinensis)>小叶赤楠(Syzygium grijsii)>山黄皮(Clausena dentata)>光叶山矾(Syplocos lancifolia)>沿海紫金牛(Ardisia punctata)>丝栗栲(Castanopsis fargesii)>狗骨柴(Diplospora dubia)>木荷(Schima superba)>赤楠(Syzygium buxifolium)>杜茎山(Maesa japonica)。林下种间竞争强度的顺序为:桂北木姜子>梨茶>黄润楠>木荷>毛冬青(Ilex pubescens)>狗骨柴>毛鳞省藤>香港新木姜子(Neolitsea cambodiana)>酸味子>沿海紫金牛>山黄皮>光叶山矾>赤楠>小叶赤楠>尖叶水丝梨(Distyliopsis dunnii)>杜茎山>丝栗栲。格氏栲幼苗幼树的竞争主要来自种间竞争,种内竞争对格氏栲影响不大,林窗格氏栲幼苗幼树的种内竞争强度和种间总体竞争强度大于林下。通过筛选林窗和林下格氏栲对象木树高与竞争强度的竞争模型,发现对象木树高与竞争指数之间存在负相关,预测结果表明,在林窗格氏栲幼苗生长初期应加强对其保护,林下格氏栲幼苗高度达到100～150 cm后适当采取创造林窗环境以实现其快速生长,从而有效促进林窗和林下格氏栲种群的保护与更新。