Point- and curve-based geometric conflation

Geometric conflation is the process undertaken to modify the coordinates of features in dataset A in order to match corresponding ones in dataset B. The overwhelming majority of the literature considers the use of points as features to define the transformation. In this article we present a procedure to consider one-dimensional curves also, which are commonly available as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) tracks, routes, coastlines, and so on, in order to define the estimate of the displacements to be applied to each object in A. The procedure involves three steps, including the partial matching of corresponding curves, the computation of some analytical expression, and the addition of a correction term in order to satisfy basic cartographic rules. A numerical example is presented.     

Stochastic model-based methods for handling uncertainty in areal interpolation

Handling of uncertainty in the estimation of values from source areas to target areas poses a challenge in areal interpolation research. Stochastic model-based methods offer a basis for incorporating such uncertainty, but to date they have not been widely adopted by the GIS community. In this article, we propose one use of such methods based in the problem of interpolating count data from a source set of zones (parishes) to a more widely used target zone geography (postcode sectors). The model developed also uses ancillary statistical count data for a third set of areas nested within both source and target zones. The interpolation procedure was implemented within a Bayesian statistical framework using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, enabling us to take account of all sources of uncertainty included in the model. Distributions of estimated values at the target zone level are presented using both summary statistics and as individual realisations selected to illustrate the degree of uncertainty in the interpolation results. We aim to describe the use of such stochastic approaches in an accessible way and to highlight the need for quantifying estimation uncertainty arising in areal interpolation, especially given the implications arising when interpolated values are used in subsequent analyses of relationships.     

Estimation of precipitation fields from 1-minute rain gauge time series – comparison of spatial and spatio-temporal interpolation methods

Accurate estimations of spatio-temporal fields at unsampled locations are important in a number of applications. Often, spatio-temporal fields are advected, which means the change in field values over time at a particular point in space stems to a large extent from motion of a more or less constant spatial field. For such dynamic fields, interpolation methods including information on the motion behaviour of the field are promising extensions of solely spatial (snapshot) and symmetric spatio-temporal methods. In this paper, the performance of different deterministic and geostatistical interpolation methods is compared for precipitation estimation from 1-minute time series of spatially distributed rain gauges. The focus is on spatio-temporal methods that include information on the motion behaviour of the rainfield, estimated from weather radar using optical flow. The different interpolation methods are introduced and evaluated using rain gauge measurements of a 15-day period and cross-validation. The results show that including information on the motion behaviour significantly improves interpolation quality in terms of RMSE.     

基于分形维数权重的泥石流危险度评价

泥石流危险度评价是一个复杂的不确定系统问题,为了准确评价泥石流所处的危险度状态,进而为泥石流的防治提供科学依据,提出了基于分形维数权重的泥石流危险度评价方法.该方法首先选取影响泥石流危险度评价的10个主要因素,根据分类标准,采用在每级标准中随机内插的方法,得到40个标准样本,用于构建泥石流危险度评价的分形一插值模型;其次根据最大似然分类原则确定每个泥石流指标的评价分维数;然后利用加权求和法计算样本的综合评价值,并根据样本综合评价值与经验等级之间的关系建立分形插值评价模型;最后,通过实例分析表明:该方法的评价结果是准确和可靠的,与采用其他分类方法所得结论一致.此外,该模型可以得出每个样本的具体得分值,即使对属于同一级的样本也可以排出它们的优劣顺序,因而具有较高的分类精度,为泥石流危险度评价提供了一种较好的新方法.     

1960-2009年横断山区潜在蒸发量时空变化(英文)

Based on the meteorological data of 20 stations in the Hengduan Mountains region during 1961-2009, the annual and seasonal variation of potential evapotranspiration was analyzed in combination with the Penman-Monteith model. With the method of Spline interpolation under ArcGIS, the spatial distribution of potential evapotranspiration was presented to research the regional difference, and the correlation analysis was used to discuss the dominant factor affecting the potential evapotranspiration. The results indicated that the an-nual potential evapotranspiration showed a decreasing tendency since the 1960s, especially from the 1980s to 1990s, while it showed an increasing tendency since 2000. Regional potential evapotranspiration showed a rate of -0.17 mm a?1. Potential evapotranspiration in north, middle and south of the Hengduan Mountains exhibited decreasing trends over the studied period, and its regional trend was on the decline from southwest to northeast.     

Interpolation by regularized spline with tension: I. Theory and implementation

Bivariate and trivariate functions for interpolation from scattered data are derived. They are constructed by explicit minimization of a general smoothness functional, and they include a tension parameter that controls the character of the interpolation function (e.g., for bivariate case the surface can be tuned from a membrane to a thin steel plate), Tension can be applied also in a chosen direction, for modeling of phenomena with a simple type of anisotropy. The functions have regular derivatives of all orders everywhere. This makes them suitable for analysis of surface geometry and for direct application in models where derivatives are necessary. For processing of large datasets (thousands of data points), which are now common in geosciences, a segmentation algorithm with a flexible size of overlapping neighborhood is presented. Simple examples demonstrating flexibility and accuracy of the functions are presented.On leave from the Department of Physical Geography and Cartography, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia.On leave from the Institute of Physics, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia.     

基于体素模型的三维显示技术

针对矿产资源勘探数据的特点,研究了适合地质体信息三维可视化的体绘制模型和空间插值算法。基于IDL软件平台,开发了三维数据可视化软件;该软件能够快速、准确地将地质体的物性特征展示出来。最后,以内蒙古某金属矿床钻孔资料为例,对建立的三维可视化方法技术进行了应用检验,取得了较好的应用效果。     

南海南部深水区低品质地震资料处理关键技术

中国南海南部深水区勘探前景广阔,但地震资料极其稀少且品质低。针对中国南海南部深水某区块原始地震资料采集于20世纪70年代、无导航文本、海底记录时间不确定、缺道严重及电缆短的品质限制,造成该区仅有的纸质成果剖面上多次波严重、信噪比低、地层构造形态模糊问题,探索出一套适合于工区地震资料处理的关键技术:采用导航重构技术解决无导航文本问题;采用自相关海底拾取技术解决海底记录不确定问题;采用限频F-K域插值技术解决缺道问题;采用组合法压制多次波技术解决因电缆短多次波难压制问题。最后处理效果表明关键技术的应用使该区地震资料处理取得了预期效果。这些技术成果不仅为我国南海南部深水的油气勘探提供较可靠的地震资料,同时为类似低品质地震资料的处理提供了可借鉴的思路和技术。     

基于非均质地层参数表征的颗粒流模型构建

非均质地层参数的获取与表征方法是浅层地质体改造的重要依据。基于非均质地层的地质建模,表征具有随机不确定性和模糊不确定性的土体表观参数和物理力学参数。利用 Weibull 分布统计描述局部地层信息,并应用Diamond-Square分形插值方法,结合差分盒子维计算非均质地层分形维数,进一步合理演算整体地层参数。采用PFC3D数值模拟软件,结合马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛方法采样数据,对非均质地层块石颗粒及土颗粒进行建模。通过非均质地层模拟结果,发现其破坏过程与应力应变曲线要比均质土体复杂得多,由于块石大颗粒的含量、分布特性对土样力学性质影响显著。本文建模方法有助于非均质地层参数表征研究。     

土壤碳储量计算中不同插值方法对比研究——以吉林省大安市为例

土壤碳储量问题是大气温室效应和全球变化研究的热点问题。本文采用“单位土壤碳量”方法,计算了吉林省大安市表层土壤有机碳总储量和平均土壤有机碳储量,以为全球碳循环研究提供精确的基础数据。分析和比较了反距离加权、全局多项式、局部多项式、径向基函数和普通克里格等不同插值模型对表层单位土壤有机碳储量空间插值结果的影响,结果表明全局多项式插值的均差最小,径向基函数中张力样条法的平均绝对误差最小,普通克里格法的标准差最小。综合分析来看,普通克里格的有理二次方程式模型插值精度最高。