Crystallization kinetics during regional metamorphism of porphyroblastic rocks

Numerical simulations of diffusion‐controlled nucleation and growth of garnet porphyroblasts in regionally metamorphosed rocks constrain interfacial energy and rates of nucleation and Al intergranular diffusion. The 13 rocks analysed in this study were collected from seven localities exhibiting a diverse range of crystallization conditions. Kinetic parameters governing nucleation and intergranular diffusion were adjusted iteratively to achieve fits between simulated and natural porphyroblastic textures. Model fits were assessed primarily from textural characteristics precisely measured by high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography. Interfacial energy for heterogeneous nucleation ranges from 0.007 to 0.255 J m^?2 for the sample suite, assuming shape factors in the range 0.01–1.0. Nucleation rates change through space and time due to growth and impingement of Al depletion zones surrounding porphyroblasts. In some models, the overall rock‐wide nucleation rate rises steeply, achieves a steady state, and then falls rapidly as reactants are consumed; in others, the steady state is not achieved, but instead the rate simply peaks before falling. Maximum rock‐wide nucleation rates range from 10^?14.7 to 10^?10.7 nuclei cm^?3 s^?1, and maximum local rates range from 10^?13.7 to 10^?9.7 nuclei?cm^?3 s^?1 depending on Al supersaturation. Diffusive fluxes of Al are well constrained by the simulated textures, but rates of intergranular diffusion are subject to uncertainties in Al solubility and interconnected porosity. Best estimates of Al diffusivities at 600 °C span 10^?12.3 to 10^?10.5 m² s^?1 for the sample suite, a narrow range considering natural variability and the uncertainties in solubility and porosity. Eliminating some models suspected of higher uncertainty for these quantities yields diffusivities at 600 °C near 10^?11.0 m² s^?1, with dispersion of less than half an order of magnitude. These simulations, which are among the first attempted for regionally metamorphosed rocks, emphasize that: (i) nucleation rates vary markedly in time and space during crystallization; (ii) nucleation extends well beyond equilibrium conditions; (iii) Al diffusivity likely varies over only a narrow range across common metamorphic circumstances; and (iv) better determinations of both Al solubility and interconnected porosity are needed to constrain rates of Al intergranular diffusion more precisely.     

锚固长度对锚杆受力影响分析及其临界值计算

基于锚固界面的一种非线性剪切滑移模型,采用荷载传递方法分析了锚固长度对锚杆受力特性的影响,建立了锚杆临界锚固长度的计算方法,并通过工程案例检验其可行性。结果表明：锚固长度较小时,锚杆荷载-位移曲线为承载力较小的单峰曲线;随着锚固长度的增加,逐渐衍生出一个平缓变化区段;锚固长度越小,界面剪应力分布越均匀,但整体承载力也越小;随着锚固长度增加,界面剪应力分布的不均匀特征逐渐明显,整体承载力也随之提高;锚固长度超过一定取值时,锚固界面软化荷载、抗拔荷载以及整体承载力均趋于定值,与锚固长度无关;计算得到的临界锚固长度与工程实际的锚固长度具有较好的一致性,验证了方法的可行性。     

碱/表面活性剂/聚合物相互作用对河间油藏油水界面张力特征的影响

在任丘油田河间油藏油层及流体性质（90℃温度、矿化度为5 192.2 mg/L的采出水和5 682.6 mg/L的注入水、河间原油）的条件下,研究了表面活性剂、碱和聚合物相互作用对油水界面张力的影响。结果表明,单一石油磺酸盐CDS-1在有效浓度为0.01%-0.3%范围内,瞬时动态界面张力和平衡界面张力降低到10^-2mN/m数量级。向浓度为0.05%的CDS-1溶液中加入Na2CO3,瞬时动态界面张力和平衡界面张力变化不大,仍在10^-2mN/m数量级;与Na2CO3高浓度相比,当Na2CO3浓度为0.5%时,平衡界面张力和瞬时界面张力降低明显,瞬时动态界面张力最低值低至10^-3mN/m数量级。分别在浓度为0.05%的CDS-1溶液和0.5%Na2CO3/0.05%CDS-1二元体系中加入不同浓度（浓度在500-2 500 mg/L范围内）的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺聚合物M2500,瞬时动态界面张力和平衡界面张力无明显变化,仍在10^-2mN/m数量级。该实验结果为河间油藏表面活性剂复合驱油配方的筛选提供了重要依据。     

磺酸基改性梳状有机硅聚醚破乳剂的制备及性能分析

在铂催化剂条件下,利用含氢聚硅氧烷(PHMS)、烯丙基磺酸盐(COPS-1)和烯丙基聚醚(Y-1)的硅氢化反应生成磺酸盐有机硅聚醚破乳剂(COPESO),采用红外光谱、GPC、粒度、界面张力和破乳性能测试等,对破乳剂进行结构表征,分析破乳性能的影响因素.结果表明:当反应温度为90℃、pH=3、COPS-1质量分数为5%时,对破乳剂引入磺酸基活性基可以得到性能优良多支链高相对分子质量的COPESO,其表面活性高,出水快,水色透明且界面齐,对乳液破乳效果高达94.8%.     

土壤和水体环境中矿物-腐殖质交互作用的研究进展

矿物-腐殖质间的交互作用是土壤和水体沉积物及悬浮颗粒物中环境物质的重要界面过程。不管是氮、磷植物性营养元素还是有毒的重金属、有机物，它们在表生环境中的迁移转化与归趋受到矿物、腐殖质及其复合体的表面活性和迁移性的调控。矿物-腐殖质体系的界面作用研究是前沿性的研究领域，主要目的是揭示矿物-腐殖质复合体的结构特性(例如颗粒物的圈层结构与表面微形貌)及其与颗粒物表面活性的关系，进而揭示土壤和水体环境中矿物-腐殖质间的交互作用规律。本文对该领域的研究现状进行评述，并提出未来可能的发展趋势。     

界面张力与润湿角校正对高压压汞法计算泥页岩孔径分布的影响——以松辽盆地青山口组为例

泥页岩储层孔隙结构研究对于页岩油气勘探、开发工作具有重要意义。高压压汞实验法是目前研究页岩孔隙结构、孔径分布广泛使用的方法。有学者对汞在石墨烯材料中润湿性研究发现,液态汞在孔隙中的界面张力γ和润湿角θ是孔半径r的函数,根据这一认识将Washburn方程中的界面张力γ和润湿角θ视为定值的传统数据处理方法表现出明显的不合理性,因此需要对Washburn方程进行参数校正。以松辽盆地青山口组页岩样品为例,进行高压压汞实验,利用校正前后的Washburn方程处理压汞数据,结果发现参数校正后得到的微孔(<2 nm)体积占比,比校正前微孔体积占比增加了118%,中孔(2~50 nm)体积占比减小了7%,大孔(>50 nm)体积占比基本不变,参数校正后得到的孔径分布能更加精确地表征页岩的孔径分布。     

九龙江口磷的界面分配和转移

１９９２年８月航次调查结果表明，九龙江口水体中磷的迁移呈保守行为，ＴＰ和ＰＰ含量随着海水盐度的降低呈增加趋势，ＤＰ含量刚好相反；Ｓ〈１５的低盐区，盐度对磷迁移的影响比较显著。     

多金属矿山环境中矿物的微生物分解及环境效应研究进展

多金属矿山矿物的分解不仅可以形成酸矿水,而且可释放大量有害元素,造成严重的环境污染.在矿物分解、元素释放、迁移、沉淀和富集过程中微生物起了非常重要的作用.在总结微生物分解矿物的机制、微生物-矿物界面作用及生物膜在矿物分解过程中所起的作用基础上,概述了酸矿水中微生物群落的特征和种系演化,对矿山环境金属硫化物生物氧化释放的有害元素的微生物地球化学循环过程以及重金属元素对微生物氧化作用的影响做了系统的论述并讨论了微生物在环境修复中的作用.     

Influence of the earth rotation on the interfacial wave solutions and wave-induced tangential stress in a twolayer fluid system

Interfacial waves and wave-induced tangential stress are studied for geostrophic small amplitude waves of two-layer fluid with a top free surface and a flat bottom. The solutions were deduced from the general form of linear fluid dynamic equations of two-layer fluid under the f-plane approximation, and wave-induced tangential stress were estimated based on the solutions obtained. As expected, the solutions derived from the present work include as special cases those obtained by Sun et al. (2004. Science in China, Ser. D, 47(12):1147-1154) for geostrophic small amplitude surface wave solutions and wave-induced tangential stress if the density of the upper layer is much smaller than that of the lower layer. The results show that the interface and the surface will oscillate synchronously, and the influence of the earth''s rotation both on the surface wave solutions and the interfacial wave solutions should be considered.     

醇羟基对碳酸钙矿物成核物相及界面能影响研究

文章通过对醇类物质参与下的碳酸钙成核过程进行研究,探讨生物流体中常见的羟基对矿物物相以及界面能的影响。研究结果表明多羟基醇有利于亚稳定球文石的形成,醇的加入会增加方解石和球文石的界面能,醇的羟基定向吸附造成的吸附位密度降低是提升矿物界面能最可能的机制,而溶剂氢键数量决定了碳酸根的自由度,有利于对称度低且CO₃^{2 -} 不平行的球文石形成。水和乙醇—水体系氢键作用弱,界面能低的方解石物相成为热力学优势物相。研究结果凸显了生物成矿流体受羟基影响强烈,通过控制流体中羟基物质含量,生物体可以完全掌控碳酸钙物相的形成部位,加深了对生物成因碳酸钙形成过程的理解。