不同大西洋经圈翻转环流平均强度下中国气候的年代际响应特征

基于美国大气研究中心的CCSM3(Community Climate System Model version 3)模式,对淡水扰动试验中不同大西洋经圈翻转环流(Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation,AMOC)平均强度下,中国气候的年代际响应特征进行研究。结果表明:在年代际尺度上,中国区域地表气温和降水强度变化与AMOC强度变化的关系紧密,然而,不同平均强度下,中国气候的年代际响应特征不同。高平均强度下,中国区域地表气温升高,中国北部降水增多、南部降水减少;低平均强度下,则反之。不同平均强度下,中国区域年平均地表气温和降水EOF第一特征向量的空间分布存在显著差异:高平均强度下,地表气温呈现中国全区域一致的分布型,降水呈现自北向南的"-+-"型的雨带分布;低平均强度下,地表气温呈现中国区域南北反相的偶极子分布型,降水呈现自北向南的"-+"型的雨带分布。与低平均强度相比,在高平均强度下,EOF第一模态的时间系数的年代际变化尺度均更长。     

春末环贝加尔湖地区环流的年际和年代际变化及与中国温度和降水的关系

本文利用1951~2011年的再分析资料及观测资料,探讨了春末环贝加尔湖地区环流的年际和年代际变化特征及其与中国温度、降水的关系,主要结论如下:(1)春末贝加尔湖脊(简称贝脊)在1951~1979年间较弱,但在1980~1999年期间显著增强。进入21世纪后,春末贝脊呈显著减弱的趋势;(2)强(弱)贝脊使我国北方地区的温度显著升高(降低),使西南地区的温度降低(升高)。贝脊的强弱变化,对北方地区温度的影响在1951~1979年期间最为显著,对西南地区温度的影响在1980~2011年期间显著。在1951~1999年期间,贝脊的强弱变化与长江下游的降水量存在明显的反位相变化关系。进入21世纪后,贝脊的强弱变化与西南地区降水量之间存在较为显著的正相关关系(99%置信度);(3)强贝脊与由北大西洋/欧洲上空向东传播的定常行星波密切相关,而弱贝脊主要与欧亚大陆次极区纬向伸展的行星尺度脊相联系。在不同的年代际时段,与贝脊强弱变化相联系的北半球异常环流特征也存在一定的差异;(4)5月份的强贝脊环流以前期的北大西洋涛动、东大西洋型以及弱东亚大槽环流为前兆信号。同年3月乌拉尔山气旋式异常环流为5月份贝脊弱的前兆信号。     

长江口潮差中长期变化对河口生态环境的影响

为了探讨长江口潮差的中长期变化对生态环境的影响,利用小波变换法对1972—2018年该河口代表性潮位站的潮差序列(共66336个数据)进行周期性分析。结果表明,该站潮差除了常见的15 d大、小潮周期外,还有变幅约19 cm(相当于多年平均潮差的7.5%)的0.5 a周期和变幅约16 cm(相当于多年平均潮差的6.3%)的18.5 a周期。月均潮差极大值出现在3月和9月,极小值出现在6月和12月。年均潮差极大值出现在1977,1996和2015年,极小值出现在1986年和2005年。上述潮差变化在时间上与长江口灾害性盐水入侵、悬沙浓度长周期变化以及水下三角洲冲淤转变等重大事件存在明显的对应关系。结论认为,上述中长期潮差周期变化对长江口生态环境具有不可忽视的潜在影响,在今后对河口生态环境的研究中应得到重视。     

Unravelling the hydrological effects on spatiotemporal variability of water chemistry in mountainous rivers from Southwest China

Understanding the effects of hydrological processes on solute dynamics is critical to interpret biogeochemical processes. Water chemistry and isotopic compositions of surface water (δ¹⁸O_w and δD_w) were investigated in rivers from Southwest China to study the effects of hydrological variability on biogeochemical processes. The inverse relationship between deuterium excess (d-excess) and δ¹⁸O_w could be ascribed to non-equilibrium fractionation processes, and the slope of the Local River Water Line was much lower than the Local Meteoric Water Line, suggesting the post-precipitation evaporation pattern. The evaporation fraction (1–f) was estimated by the d-excess method, varying from 0.01 to 0.18. (1–f), was a function of water temperature and drainage mean elevation, indicating that evaporation easily occurs at high temperatures in low-elevation regions. The hydrological processes co-varied with solute dynamics in the river network, and fluid transit time and temperature were likely responsible for the co-variations. Also, we found that hydrological processes played an important role in solute dynamics through shifting the geochemical processes (e.g., enrichment, water-rock reaction, photosynthesis, and secondary mineral precipitation). This study highlights that biogeochemical processes co-vary with hydrological processes, and we suggest that investigating hydrological processes can help to understand biogeochemical processes.     

南印度洋大气垂直环流与江西6月降水的关系

使用江西省82站1959—2016年6月降水资料和NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料,研究了南印度洋大气垂直环流与江西6月降水的关系,并运用大尺度局地涡度倾向变化方程诊断了年际、年代际变化引起的局地涡度倾向异常对江西6月降水的贡献,解释了南印度洋大气垂直环流与江西6月降水年际关系发生年代际改变的原因。结果表明南印度洋大气垂直环流与江西6月降水有密切的关系,且两者的年际关系存在年代际变化:（1）二者关系在1960年代末和1990年代初发生了两次转变,1969年前为显著正相关,1969—1989年相关性不明显,1990年后又转变为显著正相关。（2）江西6月降水偏多年,500 hPa上东亚地区从中高纬到低纬为“+ - +”距平符号分布,江西区域异常正涡度,低层南北风距平在江西上空交汇;降水偏少年环流异常则相反。（3）南印度洋大气垂直环流可引起东亚环流异常,使江西区域涡度正异常;但其影响与背景场的变化有关。动力诊断表明,1969—1989年南印度洋大气垂直环流年际异常对江西局地涡度为正贡献,但年代际异常为负贡献,削弱了年际异常的作用;1990—2016年阶段年际异常为正贡献,同时年代际异常也为正贡献,加强了年际异常的作用,使得其与江西6月降水的正相关显著。      

Interdecadal Change of the Relationship Between the Tropical Indian Ocean Dipole Mode and the Summer Climate Anomaly in China

The interdecadal change of the relationship between the tropical Indian Ocean dipole(IOD) mode and the summer climate anomaly in China is investigated by using monthly precipitation and temperature records at 210 stations in China and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data for 1957-2005.The results indicate that along with the interdecadal shift in the large-scale general circulation around the late 1970s,the relationship between the IOD mode and the summer climate anomaly in some regions of China has significantly changed.Before the late 1970s,a developing IOD event is associated with an enhanced East Asian summer monsoon,which tends to decrease summer precipitation and increase summer temperature in South China;while after the late 1970s,it is associated with a weakened East Asian summer monsoon,which tends to increase(decrease) precipitation and decrease(increase) temperature in the south(north) of the Yangtze River.During the next summer,following a positive IOD event,precipitation is increased in most of China before the late 1970s,while it is decreased(increased) south(north) of the Yangtze River after the late 1970s.There is no significant correlation between the IOD and surface air temperature anomaly in most of China in the next summer before the late 1970s;however,the IOD tends to increase the next summer temperature south of the Yellow River after the late 1970s.     

The Recent Interdecadal and Interannual Variation of Water Vapor Transport over Eastern China

The climatological characteristics and interdecadal variability of the water vapor transport and budget over the Yellow River-Huaihe River valleys (YH1) and the Yangtze River-Huaihe River valleys (YH2) of East China were investigated in this study,using the NCEP/NCAR monthly mean reanalysis datasets from 1979 to 2009.Changes in the water vapor transport pattern occurred during the late 1990s over YH1 (YH2) that corresponded with the recent interdecadal changes in the eastern China summer precipitation pattern.The net moisture influx in the YH1 increased and the net moisture influx in the YH2 decreased during 2000-2009 in comparison to 1979-1999.Detailed features in the moisture flux and transport changes across the four boundaries were explored.The altered water vapor transport over the two domains can be principally attributed to the additive effects of the changes in the confluent southwesterly moisture flow by the Indian summer monsoon and East Asian summer monsoon (related with the eastward recession of the western Pacific subtropical high).The altered water vapor transport over YH1 was also partly caused by the weakened midlatitude westerlies.     

耦合模式热带太平洋云—气候反馈模拟误差评估

云—气候反馈是热带海气相互作用的重要过程, 同时也是气候模拟的难点。本文利用IPCC AR4提供的耦合模式20世纪模拟试验结果和观测资料, 通过滤波和经验正交展开 (EOF) 的方法将热带太平洋海表温度的年际变化和年代际变化信号分别提取出来, 然后再分别计算观测和模式在年际和年代际时间尺度上云—辐射和热通量反馈特征, 发现在上述两个时间尺度上, 耦合模式模拟的云—辐射和热通量的反馈都要比观测和再分析资料的偏弱。反馈偏弱的可能原因是模式中热带大气对流和云对海表温度变化的敏感性比真实大气要偏弱。值得注意的是, 尽管耦合模式热带太平洋年代际热力反馈偏弱, 但是耦合模式模拟的热带太平洋南北纬10°之间海表温度的年代际增温趋势与观测相当。进一步分析表明, 只用年代际热力反馈来解释热带太平洋的气候变化是不够的, 还必须考虑动力反馈对于海表温度变化的调节作用。     

华北汛期降水月内时间尺度周期振荡的年代际变化分析

利用中国740站逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,使用小波分析等方法,对华北汛期降水的月内时间尺度周期振荡的年代际变化及其原因进行了分析.结果表明:由于西太平洋副热带高压和华北夏季风的月内时间尺度周期振荡存在显著的年代际变化,使得华北汛期降水在两个不同阶段,存在着显著不同的月内时间尺度的周期振荡.在华北汛...     

华北夏季降水的年代际变化

利用我国740个测站逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,使用合成分析等方法,对华北夏季降水的年代际变化特征进行分析。结果表明:华北夏季降水的年代际变化与华北夏季雨带的年代际变化密不可分。在华北夏季降水偏多阶段,华北地区雨带降水量较大,华北雨带能够向西延伸,雨带位置大多数时间能够越过115°E,并且能够接近华北西部边界110°E,位置偏西;而在华北夏季降水偏少阶段,华北雨带降水量偏小,雨带虽然也能够越过115°E,但维持时间不长,且向西延伸并不明显,雨带位置很难接近华北西部边界110°E,位置偏东。华北雨带发生的年代际变化和东亚地区大气环流以及东亚夏季风的年代际变化有关。