西安地区气温的年代际变化及其受城市化进程的影响

利用西安及周边14个观测站1966～2005年冬季(12～2月)、夏季(6～8月)平均气温及城市化信息的相关统计资料,以各站与14站区域平均气温的差值(空间距平值)反映城市热岛空间分布,以城区站与区域平均气温的差值代表城市影响程度,探讨了城市影响及城市化指数在气温突变和热岛效应中的作用。分析结果表明:1)冬夏季,近城区、平原区、浅塬山区与整个区域平均气温变化一致,表现为大尺度的气候变化特征,而城区和全区变化同步性差,呈现小尺度气候变化特征。2)冬季全区在1977年发生增温突变,这次突变以自然增温为主,与全国(1980年)突变时间基本同步,但略显偏早,比西北区(1984年)偏早7年。夏季全区在1988年发生第一次气温突变增温,比西北区(1993年)偏早5年,偏早原因可能是地形和城市化共同作用。3)冬、夏季平均热岛强度分别为0.65℃、0.46℃,具有典型性。4)城区冬季突变点(1989年)后西安城区的平均气温增加1.3℃,城市影响在气温突变中贡献了0.35℃。夏季突变点(1987年)后平均气温增加了0.4℃,城市影响贡献增温0.39℃,夏季气温突变可能主要是由城市影响造成的。5)城市房屋竣工面积、市区总人口、公...     

近百年东亚季风长期变化中主周期振荡的奇异谱分析

运用海平面气压场资料，计算１８７３—１９９０年的东亚冬、夏季风强度指数，并利用奇异谱分析方法（ＳＳＡ）对这百年的东亚季风长期变化的周期活动进行了研究。研究表明：东亚冬、夏季风都存在准２ａ（ＱＢＯ）、３—６ａ（ＬＦＯ）的年际振荡，１６—１８ａ（ＩＤＯ）的年代际振荡和长期变化趋势。各振荡分量都具有年代际的差别，这种特征ＱＢＯ表现得最典型。冬季风的ＱＢＯ在１９２０年代前振幅较小，且大约呈现１２ａ的大振幅和６ａ的小振幅波状的周期变化；夏季风的ＱＢＯ振幅变化与冬季风相反，且大约呈现６ａ的大振幅和３ａ的小振幅波状的周期变化。夏季风中的年代际变化影响较小。     

中国气温和降水序列年代际分量的显著性检验

对1951—2008年中国160站年和四季的气温、降水序列是否服从正态分布进行显著性检验,以此为基础进一步对气温和降水序列中的年代际异常分量显著性作了严格的统计学分析,结果表明：1）大多数测站气温序列服从正态分布,大多数测站降水序列不服从正态分布;气温、降水序列是否服从正态分布与地域有一定联系。2）气温、降水序列中年代际变化分量的显著性存在明显差异,多数测站气温序列年代际分量显著,只有少数测站降水序列的年代际分量显著。3）因为1951—2008年中国160站年、季气温和降水序列不全服从正态分布,特别是降水序列的非正态性严重,建议对它们的统计显著性检验采用Monte Carlo方法。     

Global aridification in the second half of the 20th century and its relationship to large-scale climate background

The variation in surface wetness index (SWI), which was derived from global gridded monthly precipi- tation and monthly mean surface air temperature datasets of Climatic Research Unit (CRU), from 1951― 2002 over global land was analyzed in this paper. The characteristics of the SWI variation in global continents, such as North America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, and Australia, were compared. In addition, the correlation between the SWI variation of each continent (or across the globe) and the large-scale background closely related to SST variations, which affects climate change, was analyzed. The results indicate that the SWI variation shows distinct regional characteristics in the second half of the 20th century under global warming. A drying trend in the last 52 years occurred in Africa, Eurasia, Australia and South America, most obviously in Africa and Eurasia. North America shows a wetting trend after 1976. A 30-year period of dry-wet oscillation is found in South America and Australia; the latest is in a drying period in two regions. The results also revealed that global warming has changed the dry-wet pattern of the global land. South America and Australia have a drying trend despite in- creases in precipitation. This indicates that increases in surface air temperature cannot be ignored in aridification studies. Global dry-wet variation is closely related to large-scale SST variations: the drying trend in Africa and Eurasia and the wetting trend in North America are correlated with Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO); the interdecadal oscillation of SWI in South America and Australia is consistent with the interdecadal variation in Southern Oscillation Index (SOI).     

INTERDECADAL CHANGE OF DIABATIC FORCING OVER KEY REGION OF THE MARITIME CONTINENT AND ITS POSSIBLE RELATIONS WITH THE EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON ANOMALIES

The Maritime Continent(MC) is an important region where the Tropical Pacific and the Indian Ocean interact with each other via "the atmospheric bridge" and a key region for the interaction between the Asian and Australian monsoons. Using the NCEP/NCAR and CMAP monthly mean reanalysis over the period of 1979-2012, the interdecadal variations of diabatic forcing over the key region of the Maritime Continent and its possible relations with the East Asian summer monsoon have been investigated in the present paper. Our results show that climate variations in the Maritime Continent is particularly significant in the area of 95-145°E, 10°S-10°N, which is thus defined as the key area of the MC(i.e., KMC area). Without the input of latent heat release in the atmosphere, distinct interdecadal change of diabatic heating is found to exist from 1979 to 2012; it intensified before 1980 s and peaked in the late 1980 s and weakened after this period. By analyzing each individual component that contributes to the diabatic heating in the KMC area, surface latent heat flux and net long-wave radiation in the atmosphere are found to be the two dominant components. With negative diabatic heating anomalies over KMC, there will be more precipitation on islands and less precipitation over sea, and more rainfall around the equator, which is in correspondence with the convergence center around the equator in the KMC area. Along the meridional-vertical section averaged between 115-120 ° E, the well-defined vertical circulation anomalies are observed with the ascending branches over KMC and the area around 30°N respectively, and the descending branch over the South China Sea. Water vapor transports from the Bay of Bengal and South China Sea to eastern China to benefit the positive precipitation anomalies. The meridional-vertical circulation in East Asia plays a critical role in linking the interdecadal variability of diabatic heating over the KMC and East Asian summer monsoon anomalies.     

东亚冬季风年代际变化可能成因的模拟研究

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均海平面气压资料, 定义了一个东亚冬季风强度指数 (I_WI), 并发现20世纪60年代到70年代初期东亚冬季风强度减弱, 其后冬季风强度有所增强, 80年代初期以后东亚冬季风强度又开始减弱。年代际时间尺度上, 冬季陆地表面气温与I_WI的相关性比海洋与I_WI相关性好, 冬季大陆东部的年代际增温与东亚冬季风的年代际减弱之间可能存在密切的联系。利用区域气候模式 (RegCM3) 进行敏感性数值模拟试验发现:减小冬季东亚大陆东北部的长波辐射降温率, 将导致东西向海平面气压差的减小以及低层北风减弱, 反映了东亚冬季风的减弱。近40年来, 特别是20世纪80年代以后东亚冬季风的年代际减弱趋势很可能是东亚区域气候对温室效应的一种区域响应。     

INTERRELATION BETWEEN EAST-ASIAN WINTER MONSOON AND INDIAN/PACIFIC SST WITH THE INTERDECADAL VARIATION

Investigated statistically is the interrelation between East Asian winter monsoon(EAWM)and SST over sensitive areas of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.with focus on the relation of EAWMto strong ENSO signal area.i.e.,the equatorial eastern Pacific(EEP)SST.Evidence suggeststhat the EAWM variation is intimately associated not only with the EEP SST but with theequatorial western Pacific“warm pool”and equatorial Indian/northwestern Pacific Kuroshio SSTas well:the EAWM and ENSO interact strongly with each other on the interannual time scales,exhibiting pronounced interdecadal variation mainly under the joint effect of the monsoon QBO andthe monsoon/SST background field features on an interdecadal basis—when both fields are in thesame phase(anti-phase).strong EAWM contributes to EEP SST rise(drop)in the followingwinter,corresponding to a warm(cold)ENSO cycle;the EAWM QBO causes ENSO cycle to bestrong phase-locked with seasonal variation,making the EEP SST rise lasting from April—May toMay—June of the next year,which plays an important role in maintaining a warm ENSO phase.     

春夏季青藏高原与伊朗高原地表热通量的时空分布特征及相互联系

伊朗高原和青藏高原热力作用对东亚区域气候具有重要影响。基于1979—2014年欧洲中心ERA-interim月平均再分析地表热通量资料,分析了春、夏季青藏高原与伊朗高原地表热通量的时、空分布特征以及春、夏季青藏高原与伊朗高原地表热通量的关系。结果表明,春、夏季青藏高原与伊朗高原地表热通量在季节、年际和年代际尺度上具有不同的时、空分布特征。对于青藏高原,春、夏季地表感热呈西部大东部小、地表潜热呈东部大西部小;地表感热在春季最大且大于地表潜热,地表潜热在夏季最大且大于地表感热。在年际时间尺度上,春、夏季青藏高原地表热通量异常的年际变化在东、西部不一致,青藏高原西部,地表感热与地表潜热有较强的负相关关系。青藏高原地表感热异常具有很强的持续性,当春季地表感热较强（弱）时,夏季高原地表感热同样较强（弱）。青藏高原东部与西部地表热通量的年代际变化有明显差异,春（夏）季青藏高原东部地表感热呈显著的年代际减弱趋势,1998（2001）年发生年代际转折,由正异常转为负异常;而青藏高原西部地表感热在春季则有显著的增大趋势,2003年发生年代际转折,由负异常转为正异常。青藏高原东部地表潜热仅在春季为显著减弱趋势,2003年出现年代际转折,由正异常转为负异常;青藏高原西部地表潜热在春、夏季都有显著减弱趋势,年代际转折出现在21世纪初,由正异常转为负异常。对于伊朗高原,春、夏季地表热通量的空间分布在整个区域较一致,地表感热在夏季最大,地表潜热在春季大、夏季小,但各季节地表感热都大于地表潜热。相对于青藏高原地表感热,伊朗高原地表感热在各月都更大。在年际时间尺度上,春、夏季伊朗高原各区域地表热通量异常的年际变化较一致;地表感热与潜热有很强的负相关关系;伊朗高原地表感热、潜热异常都具有持续性,当春季地表感热（潜热）通量较强（弱）时,夏季地表感热（潜热）通量同样较强（弱）。伊朗高原北部与南部地表热通量的年代际变化存在差异。其中,春、夏季伊朗高原北部地表感热（潜热）呈显著增强（减弱）趋势,在20世纪末发生了年代际转折,春、夏季北部地表感热（潜热）由负（正）异常转为正（负）异常。而伊朗高原南部春、夏季地表热通量无显著变化趋势,但春季地表感热、潜热与夏季地表感热同样在20世纪末存在年代际转折,地表感热（潜热）由负（正）异常转为正（负）异常。春、夏季两个高原地区地表热通量的关系主要表现为:就春季同期变化而言,伊朗高原地表感热与青藏高原西部地表感热具有同相变化关系,与青藏高原东部地表感热具有反相变化关系,伊朗高原地表潜热与青藏高原东部地表潜热具有同相变化关系;就非同期变化而言,春季伊朗高原地表感热与夏季青藏高原东部地表感热存在反相变化关系。      

Interdecadal correlation of solar activity with Tibetan Plateau snow depth and winter atmospheric circulation in East Asia

Studies on the impact of solar activity on climate system are very important in understanding global climate change. Previous studies in this field were mostly focus on temperature, wind and geopotential height. In this paper, interdecadal correlations of solar activity with Winter Snow Depth Index (WSDI) over the Tibetan Plateau, Arctic Oscillation Index (AOI) and the East Asian Winter Monsoon Index (EAWMI) are detected respectively by using Solar Radio Flux (SRF), Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) and Solar Sunspot Number (SSN) data and statistical methods. Arctic Oscillation and East Asian winter monsoon are typical modes of the East Asian atmospheric circulation. Research results show that on interdecadal time scale over 11-year solar cycle, the sun modulated changes of winter snow depth over the Tibetan Plateau and East Asian atmospheric circulation. At the fourth lag year, the correlation coefficient of SRF and snow depth is 0.8013 at 0.05 significance level by Monte-Carlo test method. Our study also shows that winter snow depth over the Tibetan Plateau has significant lead and lag correlations with Arctic Oscillation and the East Asian winter monsoon on long time scale. With more snow in winter, the phase of Arctic Oscillation is positive, and East Asian winter monsoon is weak, while with less snow, the parameters are reversed. An example is the winter of 2012/2013, with decreased Tibetan Plateau snow, phase of Arctic Oscillation was negative, and East Asian winter monsoon was strong.     

THE INTERDECADAL VARIATION OF THE SOUTH ASIAN HIGH AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH THE SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL REGIONS

This study aims to explore the interdecadal variation of South Asian High (SAH) and its relationship with SST (Sea surface temperature) of the tropical and subtropical regions by using the NCEP/NCAR monthly reanalysis data from 1948 to 2012, based on the NCAR CAM 3.0 general circulation model. The results show that: 1) the intensity of SAH represents a remarkable interdecadal variation characteristic, the intensity of SAH experienced from weak to strong at the late 1970s, and after the late 1970s , its strength is enhanced and the area is expanded in the east-west direction. The expansion degree is greater westward than eastward, while it is opposite in summer. 2) Corresponding to the interdecadal variation of SAH intensity, after the late 1970s, the divergent component of wind field has two ascending and three descending areas. Of the two ascending areas, one is located in the East Pacific, the other location varies with the season from the Indian Ocean in winter to the South China Sea and West Pacific in summer. Three descending areas are located in the north-central Africa, the East Asia and the Middle Pacific region respectively. 3) Corresponding to the interdecadal variation of SAH intensity, the rotational component of wind field at the lower level is an anomalous cyclone over the South China Sea and West Pacific in summer, while in winter, it is an anomalous cyclone over the Indian Ocean, and an anomalous anticyclone over the equatorial Middle Pacific. 4) Numerical simulations show that the interdecadal variation of SAH is closely related to the SST of the tropical and subtropical regions. The SST of Indian Ocean plays an important role in winter, while in summer, the SST of the South China Sea and West Pacific plays an important role, and the SST of the East Pacific also plays a certain role.