全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1814篇 |
免费 | 382篇 |
国内免费 | 690篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 30篇 |
大气科学 | 905篇 |
地球物理 | 576篇 |
地质学 | 389篇 |
海洋学 | 567篇 |
天文学 | 71篇 |
综合类 | 73篇 |
自然地理 | 275篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 13篇 |
2023年 | 21篇 |
2022年 | 50篇 |
2021年 | 67篇 |
2020年 | 102篇 |
2019年 | 111篇 |
2018年 | 83篇 |
2017年 | 119篇 |
2016年 | 102篇 |
2015年 | 102篇 |
2014年 | 152篇 |
2013年 | 200篇 |
2012年 | 124篇 |
2011年 | 118篇 |
2010年 | 103篇 |
2009年 | 158篇 |
2008年 | 141篇 |
2007年 | 144篇 |
2006年 | 131篇 |
2005年 | 119篇 |
2004年 | 111篇 |
2003年 | 88篇 |
2002年 | 79篇 |
2001年 | 64篇 |
2000年 | 73篇 |
1999年 | 47篇 |
1998年 | 61篇 |
1997年 | 44篇 |
1996年 | 34篇 |
1995年 | 18篇 |
1994年 | 28篇 |
1993年 | 19篇 |
1992年 | 10篇 |
1991年 | 9篇 |
1990年 | 6篇 |
1989年 | 2篇 |
1988年 | 12篇 |
1987年 | 4篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 4篇 |
1984年 | 3篇 |
1983年 | 1篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有2886条查询结果,搜索用时 203 毫秒
61.
热带西太平洋热状况年代际和年际变化特征分析 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
采用谐波分析和EOF分析方法,对比研究了暖池区域表层热状况(海表温度距平SST'表征)和浅层热状况(热含量距平HS'和次表层海温距平ST'表征)在1月和7月的年代际、年际尺度时空特征.分析结果表明:⑴不同季节的年代际、年际尺度SST'和HS'都存在两个显著模态,HS'1月的年代际、年际尺度结构最简单,而SST'7月的年代际和1月年际结构最复杂;⑵ 1970年代末和1980年代初发生的年代际跃变HS'晚于SST', 且SST'(HS')呈增温(减少)趋势;⑶ HS'的年际异常与ENSO关系密切,而SST'与ENSO关系不显著. 相似文献
62.
该文用Mann-Kendall方法对近50年海河流域山区20个子流域的径流及降水的变化趋势进行了显著性检验, 结合降水, 径流及气温的年代距平值的同步分析以及径流对气候变化的敏感性研究结果, 对近50年海河流域径流的变化趋势, 提出了一个半定量分析的研究思路和方法。提出影响径流变化的三种类型:以气候暖干化为主, 人类活动为辅的径流显著衰减型;以人类活动为主, 气候暖干化为辅的径流显著衰减型;人类活动与气候变异都不明显, 径流无显著变化的类型。分析结果展示了气候、人类活动与水之间的相互作用。这种相互作用, 给径流的变化趋势分析和成因分析带来了复杂性与困难, 也给气候变化对水资源的影响研究提出了挑战。 相似文献
63.
Sergio Colombo Mario Chica-Olmo Francisco Abarca Hugh Eva 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2004,58(5-6):330-341
Tropical forest mapping is one of the major environmental concerns at global and regional scales in which remote sensing techniques are firmly involved. This study examines the use of the variogram function to analyse forest cover fragmentation at different image scales. Two main aspects are considered here: (1) analysis of the spatial variability structure of the forest cover observed at three different scales using fine, medium and coarse spatial resolution images; and (2) the study of the relationship between rescaled images from the finest spatial resolution and those of the medium and coarse spatial resolutions. Both aspects are analysed using the variogram function as a basic tool to calculate and interpret the spatial variability of the forest cover. An example is presented for a Brazilian tropical forest zone using satellite images of different spatial resolutions acquired by Landsat TM (30 m), Resurs MSU (160 m) and ERS ATSR (1000 m). The results of this study contribute to establishing a suitable spatial resolution of remotely sensed data for tropical forest cover monitoring. 相似文献
64.
Holocene climate variability 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
65.
Spatial variability and pattern analysis of soil properties in Dehui city, Jilin province 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
1IntroductionSoil nutrient, as the synthetic results under the influence of various anthropogenic activities and the factors such as climate and topography, etc., possesses certain spatial distribution characteristics, and certain structural and stochastic characteristics. The study of the differences existing in different parts of the region lays the foundation for adjusting all management measures and all material input capacities and for gaining the maximal economic benefit. Presently, the … 相似文献
66.
ASSESSING THE SUITABILITY OF THE EPIC CROP MODEL FOR USE IN THE STUDY OF IMPACTS OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN WEST AFRICA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
James Adejuwon 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2005,26(1):44-60
The EPIC (Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator) crop model, developed by scientists of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), has been successfully applied to the study of erosion, water pollution, crop growth and production in the US but is yet to be introduced for serious research purposes in other countries or regions. This paper reports on the applicability of the EPIC 8120 crop model for the assessment of the potential impacts of climate variability and climate change on crop productivity in sub‐Saharan West Africa, using Nigeria as the case study. Among the crops whose productivity has been successfully simulated with this model are five of West Africa's staple food crops: maize, millet, sorghum (guinea corn), rice and cassava. Thus, using the model, the sensitivities of maize, sorghum and millet to seasonal rainfall were demonstrated with coefficients of correlation significant at over 98 per cent confidence limits. The validation tests were based on a comparison of the observed and the model‐generated yields of rice and maize. The main problems of validation relate to the multiplicity of crop varieties with contrasting performances under similar field conditions. There are also the difficulties in representing micro‐environments in the model. Thus, some gaps appear between the observed and the simulated yields, arising from data or model deficiencies, or both. Based on the results of the sensitivity and validation tests, the EPIC crop model could be satisfactorily employed in assessing the impacts of and adaptations to climate variability and climate change. Its use for the estimation of production and the assessment of vulnerabilities need to be pursued with further field surveys and field experimentation. 相似文献
67.
CAMILLA S. ANDRESEN SVANTE BJORCK 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2005,87(1):159-174
ABSTRACT. Two well dated Holocene sediment records bordering the Denmark Strait region have been used to reconstruct past climate variability. The content of biogenic silica, classic and organic material and moss in a lacustrine record from Lake N14 has been used to infer past variability in precipitation and temperature in southern Greenland. Sedimentologic and petrologic composition of sand in a shelf sediment record from the Djúpáll trough is used to infer past variability in the northwestern storm activity on northwestern Iceland, which probably also affected the inflow of polar waters from the East Greenland Current. Our evaluation of these records with a number of previous studies from the region documents Holocene climatic optimum conditions peaking between 8000 and 6500 calendar years before present (cal yr BP). Mid-Holocene climate deterioration set in around 5000 cal yr BP followed by a further marked setback around 3500 cal yr BP. A stacking of climate variability on a centennial timescale from previous studies in the area shows a fairly good correspondence to the timing of marked cold and warm events as evidenced from the Lake N14 and the Djúpáll trough records. Cooler periods are explained as the response to marked incursions of ice-laden polar water from the Arctic Ocean to the Denmark Strait region. Cool northerly and northwesterly winds along the East Greenland coast in relation to frequent strong atmospheric low pressure in the Barents Sea, coupled with strong high pressure over Greenland, would have favoured southward export of polar waters. A comparison with the proxy records of nuclide production (14 C and 10 Be) suggests that solar activity may have had some influence on the atmospheric pressure distribution in the Denmark Strait region. 相似文献
68.
Developing an appropriate data collection scheme to infer stream–subsurface interactions is not trivial due to the spatial and temporal variability of exchange flowpaths. Within the context of a case study, this paper presents the results from a number of common data collection techniques ranging from point to reach scales used in combination to better understand the spatial complexity of subsurface exchanges, infer the hydrologic conditions where individual influences of hyporheic and groundwater exchange components on stream water can be characterized, and determine where gaps in information arise. We start with a tracer‐based, longitudinal channel water balance to quantify hydrologic gains and losses at a sub‐reach scale nested within two consecutive reaches. Next, we look at groundwater and stream water surface levels, shallow streambed vertical head gradients, streambed and aquifer hydraulic conductivities, water chemistry, and vertical flux rates estimated from streambed temperatures to provide more spatially explicit information. As a result, a clearer spatial understanding of gains and losses was provided, but some limitations in interpreting results were identified even when combining information collected over various scales. Due to spatial variability of exchanges and areas of mixing, each technique frequently captured a combination of groundwater and hyporheic exchange components. Ultimately, this study provides information regarding technique selection, emphasizes that care must be taken when interpreting results, and identifies the need to apply or develop more advanced methods for understanding subsurface exchanges. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
69.
The effect of conservation practices in sloped croplands on soil hydraulic properties and root‐zone moisture dynamics 下载免费PDF全文
Rain‐induced erosion and short‐term drought are the two factors that limit the productivity of croplands in the red soil region of subtropical China. The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of conservation practices on hydraulic properties and root‐zone water dynamics of the soil. A 3‐year experiment was performed on a slope at Xianning. Four treatments were evaluated for their ability to reduce soil erosion and improve soil water conditions. Compared with no practices (CK) and living grass strips (GS), the application of polyacrylamide (PAM) significantly reduced soil crust formation during intense rainfall, whereas rice straw mulching (SM) completely abolished soil crust formation. The SM and PAM treatments improved soil water‐stable aggregates, with a redistribution of micro‐aggregates into macro‐aggregates. PAM and SM significantly increased the soil water‐holding capacity. These practices mitigated the degradation of the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) during intense rainfalls. These methods increased soil water storage but with limited effects during heavy rainfalls in the wet period. In contrast, during the dry period, SM had the highest soil water storage, followed by PAM and CK. Grass strips had the lowest soil water storage because of the water uptake during the vigorous grass growth. A slight decline in the soil moisture resulted in a significant decrease in the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (Ku) of the topsoil. Therefore, the hydraulic conductivity in the field is governed by soil moisture, and the remaining soil moisture is more important than improving soil properties to resist short‐term droughts. As a result, SM is the most effective management practice when compared with PAM and GS, although they all protect the soil hydraulic properties during wet periods. These results suggest that mulching is the best strategy for water management in erosion‐threatened and drought‐threatened red soils. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
70.
James M. Buttle 《水文研究》2016,30(24):4644-4653
The potential for dynamic storage to serve as a metric of basin behaviour was assessed using data from five drainage basins with headwaters on the thick sand and gravel deposits of the Oak Ridges Moraine in southern Ontario, Canada. Dynamic storage was directly correlated with the ratio of variability of δ2H in streamflow relative to that in precipitation. This ratio has previously been shown to be inversely related to basin mean transit time (MTT), suggesting an inverse relationship between dynamic storage and MTT for the study basins. Dynamic storage was also directly correlated with interannual variability in stream runoff, baseflow and baseflow:runoff ratio, implying that basins with smaller dynamic storage have less interannual variability in their streamflow regimes. These preliminary results suggest that dynamic storage may serve as a readily derived and useful metric of basin behaviour for inter‐basin comparisons. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献