基于地理分区与FLUS模型的城市扩张模拟与预警

城市的快速扩张不断改变着土地资源的转化,带来了诸多生态环境问题。分析和模拟城市扩张的机制,并对城市未来土地利用变化的风险进行预警,利于合理调控城市的发展。本文提出了一种基于地理分区和未来用地模拟(Future Land Use Simulation,FLUS)模型的城市扩张模拟模型,用于模拟和预测复杂的土地利用变化。该模型利用多指标数据进行空间聚类,耦合地理分区结果进行城市扩张模拟。珠江三角洲2005-2015年的城市扩张模拟结果显示,分区下的模拟精度(FoM=0.2329,提高了9%)明显高于未分区,说明不同分区在土地利用转化上存在空间差异,该模型能更有效地模拟城市土地利用变化。另外,本文构建了一种城市扩张预警指标评价体系,用于评估城市扩张的警情。根据在2005-2015基础上预测的2025-2045年土地利用变化结果,对珠江三角洲城市扩张进行多尺度预警分析。综合预警结果显示该区域大部分城市至2045年城市扩张警情将达到中警和重警,其中东莞警情一直维持在重警。由此,未来需要加强对珠三角城市扩张的宏观调控,以此来缓解未来城市扩张的警情。     

Experiments on the Element Distribution between the Granodiorite JG-1a and 2M NaCl Hydrothermal Solution at Temperatures of 300 to 800°C and a Pressure of 1 kb

Abstract. The distribution of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Mn and Fe between the granodiorite JG-la, one of the geochemical standard rocks, and 2M NaCl aqueous solution was experimentally determined at temperatures of 300 to 800C and a pressure of 1 kb using standard cold seal-type pressure vessels. The solid run products melted partially at 800C. Only K shows a significantly different behavior from the experiments using the basalt JB-la (Uchida and Tsutsui, 2000) due to the presence of ortho-clase in the JG-la. The transition elements tend to be preferably partitioned into the aqueous chloride solutions with increasing temperature. At 800C and 1 kb, the Fe concentration of the aqueous chloride solutions reached up to 5,000 ppm, and the Mn concentration up to 350 ppm. The distribution coefficient, K_{D, i} = C_{i, sol}/C_i, rock, is in the order of Na>K>Mn>Ca> Fe>Mg at 300C, but changed in the order of Mn>N>K>Fe>Ca>Mg at 800C. The distribution coefficients of the divalent cations for the JG-la are higher than those for the JB-1a. The distribution coefficient of the transition elements, Fe and Mn, increases significantly with increasing temperature. The thermodynamic analysis for aqueous speciation revealed that this is attributable to the formation of the tri-chloro complexes of the transition elements at higher temperatures.     

Seismic data compression based on integer wavelet transform

Due to the particularity of the seismic data, they must be treated by lossless compression algorithm in some cases. In the paper, based on the integer wavelet transform, the lossless compression algorithm is studied. Comparing with the traditional algorithm, it can better improve the compression rate. CDF (2, n) biorthogonal wavelet family can lead to better compression ratio than other CDF family, SWE and CRF, which is owe to its capability in canceling data redundancies and focusing data characteristics. CDF (2, n) family is suitable as the wavelet function of the lossless compression seismic data. Contribution No.04FE1019, Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration.     

地理国情普查时点核准影像保障设计与实现

针对大范围、短周期卫星影像获取覆盖的难题,本文提出了分区影像统筹的方案。采用影像获取难易程度分区及统筹学的思想,设计第一次全国地理国情普查标准时点核准影像获取及覆盖方案,实现对普查标准时点核准遥感影像任务区的优化覆盖。基于影像获取覆盖的实施结果表明:分区统筹的思想可以针对不同地区制定适宜的影像获取方案。该思想可以应用于新型基础测绘、地理国情监测等测绘任务的影像获取保障工作。影像统筹的方法可以最优化满足任务区的影像需求,最大限度挖掘可用卫星影像资源。     

A spatial parallel heuristic approach for solving very large‐scale vehicle routing problems

The vehicle routing problem (VRP) is one of the most prominent problems in spatial optimization because of its broad applications in both the public and private sectors. This article presents a novel spatial parallel heuristic approach for solving large‐scale VRPs with capacity constraints. A spatial partitioning strategy is devised to divide a region of interest into a set of small spatial cells to allow the use of a parallel local search with a spatial neighbor reduction strategy. An additional local search and perturbation mechanism around the border area of spatial cells is used to improve route segments across spatial cells to overcome the border effect. The results of one man‐made VRP benchmark and three real‐world super‐large‐scale VRP instances with tens of thousands of nodes verify that the presented spatial parallel heuristic approach achieves a comparable solution with much less computing time.     

下三角Cholesky分解的整数高斯变换算法

针对全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)载波相位测量中,基于整数最小二乘估计准则解算整周模糊度问题。目前以LAMBDA降相关算法和Lenstra-Lenstra-Lovász(LLL)为代表的规约算法应用最为广泛。由于不同算法采用的模糊度方差-协方差阵的分解方式不同,导致难以合理地进行不同算法性能的比较。该文通过分析LAMBDA算法的降相关特点,从理论上推出基于下三角Cholesky分解多维情形下的整数高斯变换的降相关条件及相应公式,并与分解方式不同的LAMBDA和LLL算法作了对比。实验结果表明,降相关采用的分解方式将会直接影响计算复杂度和解算性能,因此该文推导的整数高斯变换算法便于今后基于下三角Cholesky分解的降相关算法间的合理比较。     

判断数据适合分级方法的理论分析

通过分析几种常用的分级方法,找到它们适合的数据,并基于最优分割分级提出一种新的分级方法。实验表明了方法的有效性。     

A comparative study on four major cities in Northeastern Thailand using urban land density function

Urban land density is an important factor to understand how cities expand. An “Inverse S-shape Rule” was implemented for the first time to analyze urban land density in Northeastern Thailand using the four cities Khon Kaen, Udon Thani, Nakhon Phanom, and Nong Khai as study sites. Land density function was tested using different data classification techniques from previous studies. Each city was investigated over two different time periods between 2002 and 2015. Declining pattern characteristics of metropolitan area density outward from city centers can be quantified by fitting the parameters to urban land density functions. An inverse S-shape function was identified as the best data fit. The four selected cities showed conventional density variation for decline in urban land area from city centers to outlying areas. Overall trend indicated that cities became more compact over time since the density differences between the urban core and urban fringe were greater with increasing infilling growth within the urban boundary. All four cities increased in size over time; however, the increasing amount of built-up land in the surrounding rural areas did not follow the same trend in each case. Some functional parameters required careful interpretation because of the linear shape of the city as in the case of Nakhon Phanom. Using highly detailed urban data resulted in lower densities of urban areas compared to the conventional pixel-based classification, and this affected the overall shape of the inverse S-shape function. The fitted parameters and their changing trends indicated that the urban land density function was useful for understanding urban form and urban sprawl in Thailand. Results can be used to develop a specific framework for other cities with similar attributes in the future.     

油和水中烷基酚分配模式研究：基于油水梯度配比实验

原油中酚类化合物在水驱过程中随着含水率上升具有极强的“敏感性”,这一特征暗示酚类化合物在油相和水相中分配行为差别明显,对该规律的认识,有望根据酚类含量的变化判断油藏中水驱前缘的方向。笔者等通过研究油水梯度配比实验后的酚类化合物的分配特征,确定烷基酚在原油和水中的分配规律并计算得到烷基酚的油—水分配系数：苯酚的油—水分配系数为1. 98,C1烷基酚的平均油—水分配系数大小为4. 60;C2烷基酚平均油—水分配系数为12. 82;C3烷基酚油—水分配系数平均值为54. 69。实验结果表明,原油中烷基酚的含量随着含水率的增加而下降,并且C1烷基酚对含水率具有较高的敏感性,其中间甲基酚与对甲基酚变化尤为明显。根据实验结果并结合前人的研究提出了一种烷基酚在油和水之间分配的理论模式,用于描述不同水/油比率中的烷基酚的分配规律。根据分配模式可知,具有不同油—水分配系数的烷基酚异构体在原油和水之间的分配存在差异,这种差异随着水/油比率的增加而呈现先扩大后缩小的趋势,原油中的烷基酚最终含量都趋近于零。该分配模式能拓展油藏地球化学的研究领域,以期在油田注水开发中发挥重要作用。