An Inshore Poleward Current in the NW of the Iberian Peninsula Detected from Satellite Images, and its Relation withG. catenatum and D. acuminata Blooms in the Galician Rias

Toxic Gymnodinium catenatum blooms usually occur in the Galician Rias at the end of the upwelling season, which necessitates a ban on harvesting shellfish extraction, with subsequent economic losses for this sector. One of the possible causes cited in the literature is the advection of populations from outside the area but no evidence was available to substantiate this.Oceanographic conditions at the end of the upwelling season in the NW coast of the Iberian Peninsula (39°–43°N) have been studied for the years 1986, 1990, 1995 and 1998. Sea surface temperature data from satellite images, wind data, drifter tracks and in situ oceanic data from the Galician Rias have been combined to clarify the oceanographic structures in the area at the commencement of the blooms. On the inner shelf, an inshore poleward current advecting warm water has been identified after the cessation of upwelling. On the middle and outer shelf, a tongue of cold water as a remnant of the previous upwelling continued to move southward. On the slope and offshore, the poleward counter current reported by several authors was detected carrying warm oceanic water northwards.It is suggested that the inshore poleward current, not previously reported in the literature, could advect initial populations of dinoflagellates to the Rias from northern Portuguese waters. This would explain why blooms such as G. catenatum have been found usually in Portuguese waters several weeks before the Galician Rias, showing an apparent northward movement, but cells of this toxic dinoflagellate species have not been found in waters of the offshore poleward counter current.     

The River Arno catchment,northern Tuscany: chemistry of waters and sediments from the River Elsa and River Era sub‐basins,and sulphur and oxygen isotopes of aqueous sulphate

Within the hydrologic balance of the River Arno catchment (northern Tuscany), the Rivers Elsa and Era are important tributaries entering the main river from the left bank in the lower part of the watershed. Waters and bed sediments were sampled in June 2000 during low discharges in the Rivers Elsa and Era, as well as in major tributary streams. Water samples were analysed for major chemistry and sulphur isotope composition of sulphate, and sediment samples were analysed for major composition and selected trace elements of environmental concern (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr and Ni). The main results for the waters are: (1) Na and Cl in solution show consistent downstream positive trends in the main rivers, thus supporting progressive contributions of anthropogenic salts; the highest concentration values are observed in tributaries; (2) as shown by sulphur isotopes, sulphate in solution is mainly controlled by dissolution of evaporites (Elsa basin) or oxidation of reduced organic/biogenic sulphur (Era basin), with anthropogenic contributions in most streams not higher than 10% in both the basins. A δ³⁴S signature in the range ?2 to +3‰ is estimated for pollutant sulphate in the basins studied. The main results for the sediments are: (1) major chemistry is essentially controlled by the lithotypes drained by the waters; (2) pollution by heavy metals does not reach high levels; (3) compared with local fine‐grained rocks, copper is more frequently anomalous, whereas lead and zinc show only occasional anomalies; (4) local high concentrations of chromium and nickel can be attributed to upstream occurrences of ophiolites. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geochemistry of sediment moisture in the Badain Jaran desert: Implications of recent environmental changes and water-rock interaction

Unsaturated zone pore water has the potential to record history of recharge, palaeoenvironment, pollution movement and water-rock interaction as it percolates through and moves towards the water table. In this study, two 6-m cores from the Badain Jaran desert (NW China) were collected to explore this potential using directly extracted moisture. Pore waters in these unsaturated zone sediments (1–5% moisture by wet weight) were directly extracted using immiscible liquid displacement and then analysed for major anions, cations and trace elements. Results show enrichment in pore water chemistry in the top 1–2 m where strong temperature and moisture fluxes occur. The enrichment in cations relative to chloride is primarily due to silicate mineral dissolution during infiltration. High nitrate and low iron concentrations indicate the overall oxidizing environment, which allows the mobility of oxyanions, such as uranium, arsenic and chromium. The trace elements show enrichment in the upper zone of fluctuation where chemical gradients are strong, but with lesser reaction lower in the profile. The calculated groundwater recharge rates using the chloride mass balance are negligible in this arid region between 1.5 and 3.0 mm/year. The modern rainfall infiltration signature contrasts with that of the underlying groundwater body, which has a distant, regional recharge signature.This reconnaissance study demonstrates the potential for a new geochemical approach to studying geochemical processes in the unsaturated sediments in semi-arid environments due to both natural and human influences. The use of directly extracted water, rather than extraction by dilution (elutriation), facilitates an improved understanding of hydrological and geochemical processes in the unsaturated zone and into the capillary fringe at the water table, because it avoids potential chemical changes induced during elutriation.     

中国近海温带气旋的时空变化特征

基于1979-2012年共34年的ECMWF逐日4次平均海平面气压的再分析资料,采用英国雷丁大学气旋客观追踪算法,对出现在我国近海的温带气旋(气旋生命史1d以上,移动距离大于500km)的时空分布特征进行统计分析。结论包括以下几点:(1)1979-2012年进入中国近海的温带气旋平均每年45个,气旋数量呈现春夏多而秋冬少的特点。20世纪90年代初至今,气旋数量呈增加趋势,其中北部海区气旋数量增加达到显著水平,东部海区气旋数量表现为不显著减少,故认为影响中国近海的气旋路径有北移的趋势。(2)进入我国近海的温带气旋主要有4个生成源地,按比例由高到低分别是江淮气旋(38.9%),东海气旋(25.2%),黄河气旋(24.3%)以及蒙古气旋(11.6%)。气旋入海后,当大气海洋条件适合时,可以爆发性增长,气旋爆发性增长的主要区域在朝鲜半岛及以东洋面以及日本以东洋面,在我国近海气旋爆发的比例较小。(3)气旋生命史主要为1~7d,但生命史为1~4d的气旋比例最大,平均占气旋总数的52%,其中夏季长生命史气旋(大于10d)的比例最大,为8%,冬季最少,接近3%。冬季气旋最强,气压分布区间大;夏季弱气旋多,中心气压分布集中。     

1972-2013年北欧海深层水增暖

The warming of deep waters in the Nordic seas is identified based on observations during Chinese 5th Arctic Expedition in 2012 and historical hydrographic data. The most obvious and earliest warming occurrs in the Greenland Basin(GB) and shows a coincident accelerated trend between depths 2 000 and 3 500 m. The observations at a depth of 3 000 m in the GB reveal that the potential temperature had increased from-1.30°C in the early 1970 s to-0.93°C in 2013, with an increase of about 0.37°C(the maximum spatial deviation is 0.06°C) in the past more than 40 years. This remarkable change results in that deep waters in the center of the Lofton Basin(LB) has been colder than that in the GB since the year 2007. As for the Norwegian Basin(NB), only a slight trend of warming have been shown at a depth around 2 000 m since the early 1980 s, and the warming amplitude at deeper waters is just slightly above the maximum spatial deviation, implying no obvious trend of warming near the bottom. The water exchange rate of the Greenland Basin is estimated to be 86% for the period from 1982 to 2013, meaning that the residence time of the Greenland Sea deep water(GSDW) is about 35 years. As the weakening of deep-reaching convection is going on, the abyssal Nordic seas are playing a role of heat reservoir in the subarctic region and this may cause a positive feedback on the deep-sea warming in both the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic seas.     

天津近岸海域海水富营养化评价及其主成分分析

于2013年7月对天津近岸海域海水营养盐和叶绿素a等水质因子进行采样调查,运用营养状态质量指数法和富营养化指数法对该海域海水富营养化水平进行评价,采用主成分分析法得出海水富营养化的驱动因子。结果表明,调查海域80.95%站位的无机氮以及61.90%站位的活性磷酸盐为劣四类海水水质;营养状态质量指数法评价与富营养化指数法评价结果基本一致:在北塘入海口周围近岸海域指数最高,其次为子牙新河入海口周围近岸海域,远岸海域的指数较低;影响调查海域海水富营养化的驱动因子为总氮和总磷。     

胶州湾东北部养殖海区环境质量状况及分析

基于2006年2月、5月、8月、11月胶州湾东北部养殖海区现场调查结果,采用单因子指数、富营养化指数、有机污染指数对环境状况进行了分析评价。结果表明:该海域主要受到无机N、P污染;COD在夏、秋季符合一类,但在冬、春季只达到国家二类海水水质标准;DO全部符合国家一类海水水质标准。通过站位间的比较发现,东北部沧口水域环境质量最差,全年处于富营养化状态,有机污染介于轻度到严重污染之间。红岛附近水质较好,不存在有机污染,只有春、秋季达到富营养化水平。研究结果显示该海域主要受陆源污染,且与现有污水处理不能有效去除无机N、P营养盐有关。     

福建沿海文昌鱼的分布及其资源保护对策

采用现场采样方法对福建沿海文昌鱼(Branchiostoma balcheri)的分布和资源状况进行了调查,为文昌鱼的保护提供依据。全省19个海区潮间带均未捕获文昌鱼;12个海区的潮下带浅海定量调查中,仅5个海区采集到文昌鱼。东山湾海区文昌鱼密度最高,为41.67尾/m2,其次是厦门十八线海区,为14.5尾/m2,厦门南线海区和黄厝海区分别为5.39尾/m2和4.71尾/m2,泉州大港海区仅捕到1尾,闽江口3个海区均未捕获。所获文昌鱼年龄大多为1龄,占39.2%,2龄占23.5%,3龄占25.5%,其他(1龄以下、4龄、5龄及以上)占11.8%。与20多年前的历史资料相比,文昌鱼的分布区大为缩小,资源量大为降低,资源已濒临枯竭。必须加大对文昌鱼资源的保护力度,有必要增设文昌鱼自然保护区,并加强对文昌鱼保护区的管理。     

广东珠海双胞旋沟藻Cochlodinium geminatum赤潮事件分析

多环旋沟藻Cochlodinium polykrikoides赤潮在全球频繁爆发。2006年10—11月间, 在广东珠海海域爆发的双胞旋沟藻Cochlodinium geminatum赤潮则较为少见。双胞旋沟藻赤潮发生于富营养的近岸水体, 赤潮发生区内水温变化范围23.41—27.54℃, 盐度变化范围15.49—17.92。双胞旋沟藻的细胞密度随温度和盐度的升高而显著升高, 最高细胞密度达1.6×106个.L-1。在赤潮发生后期, 海区水温下降及群落中红色中缢虫Mesodinium rubrum数量的上升, 可能是导致双胞旋沟藻赤潮衰亡的重要原因。     

福建沿岸不同海区夏季浮游植物的组成与分布

结合福建省“908专项”,于2006年7～8月对福建省沿岸海域水采浮游植物的种属组成、数量分布、生物量进行了大面积科学调查．结果表明,福建沿岸海域浮游植物隶属于6门57属127种,其中硅藻47属107种,甲藻5属15种,蓝藻1属1种,金藻2属2种,隐藻1属1种,裸藻1属1种．硅藻类在种类和数量上均占主导地位,优势种主要是柔弱伪菱形藻（Pseudo—nitzschia delicatissima）、中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）、旋链角毛藻（Chaetoceros curvisetus）、菱形海线藻（Thalassionema nitzschioides）等．硅藻类广布,甲藻类在闽东海域及东山沿岸分布较多,蓝藻类检出率降低,裸藻类和金藻类检出率增高．表层浮游植物平均细胞密度为3222．59×10^4ind／dm^3,数量分布态势为近岸高、外海低,阂东和闽南高、闽中低．叶绿素a及优势类群的分布与数量分布基本一致．福建沿岸海域赤潮生物种类较多,是引发赤潮的潜在生物因素,一些赤潮生物已在闽南、闽东沿岸局部海域成为优势种．