1986年秋日本以南和以东海域仔稚鱼的分布

１９８６年１０～１１月在日本以南和以东海域的４１个测站进行了鱼卵、仔鱼的调查，共采集到９９６尾仔稚鱼，它们隶属于３８科６７种，经济鱼类仔鱼稀少，而大洋性发光鱼类仔鱼十分丰富，其中钻光鱼科和灯笼鱼科分别占仔鱼总数的５０．５０％和３２．３３％。优势种为细钻光鱼、串灯鱼和西明灯鱼，它们分别占仔鱼总数的２５．３０％，１６．４７％和７．５３％。仔鱼的丰度在黑潮流轴外侧边缘及其邻近的大洋域最高，在日本以南的沿岸水域占第二位，而在日本以东的混合水域最低。仔鱼丰度与温、盐度之间有显著的正相关关系。     

Phytoplankton community adaptation to changing light levels in the southern Beaufort Sea,Canadian Arctic

The chlorophyll a specific absorption coefficient of phytoplankton, a_φ^∗(λ) is an important parameter to determine for primary production models and for the estimation of phytoplankton physiological condition. Knowledge of this parameter at high latitudes where nutrient rich cold water submitted to low incident light is a common environment is almost nonexistent. To address this issue, we investigated the light absorption properties of phytoplankton as a function of irradiance, temperature, and nutrients using a large data set in the southern Beaufort Sea during the open water to ice cover transition period. The a_φ^∗(λ) tended to increase from autumn when open water still existed to early winter when sea ice cover was formed, resulting from a biological selection of smaller-size phytoplankton more efficient to absorb light. There was no significant correlation between a_φ^∗(λ) and irradiance or temperature for both seasons. However, a_φ^∗(λ) showed a significant positive correlation with NO₃ + NO₂. Implications of the results for phytoplankton community adaptation to changing light levels are discussed.     

长江口与东海陆架泥质沉积动力过程与环境效应：长期数据采集需求

长江入海物质在东海内陆架水域形成了大规模泥质沉积区。内陆架泥区具有细颗粒沉积物和有机质的源/汇双重特征。长江口及邻近海域的泥质沉积过程 产物关系、泥质沉积在生态系统动力学中的作用、泥质沉积碳库增量潜力,是区域性沉积动力学的3个前沿问题,主要研究内容包括长江河口泥区未来演化趋势、泥区沉积物重力流形成条件和过程、泥区沉积物有机质含量与初级生产及低氧水层的关系、泥区消浪作用及其机制、颗粒态有机质衰减曲线(或曲线族)、颗粒态有机质碳库增量潜力等。其研究需要海洋观测站网在底部边界层、水层、新型数据上的支撑,以满足数据分辨率、连续性的要求。底部边界层连续观测将有助于重力流、泥区消浪作用、湍动影响下的沉积物起动曲线族等问题的解决。水层观测将有助于有机质衰减系数的研究,进而获得有机质埋藏率、浅层天然气、有机碳库增量等问题的答案。一些新型数据含有物源、沉积体特征和演化的大量信息,此类数据的获取将依赖于观测技术的突破。     

近岸水体中海洋雪对细颗粒微塑料沉降过程影响的实验研究

海洋微塑料是全球共同面对的环境问题和挑战,然而目前海洋微塑料从源到汇的输运和沉积过程及影响机制尚不明确。已有研究发现微塑料颗粒的垂向沉降过程受到海洋雪等水体悬浮物质的影响,但是目前相关研究只局限于定性的观察分析。在实验室中模拟含有海洋雪的近岸水体环境,使细颗粒微塑料(PS微球、PVC颗粒)与海洋雪产生碰撞、聚集,观测微塑料或微塑料-海洋雪聚集体的沉降过程。研究结果表明,水体中含有海洋雪时,一方面海洋雪会促进微塑料颗粒自身的聚集,形成更大的聚集体;另一方面由于海洋雪包裹微塑料形成松散的聚集体,导致平均沉速减小。50 μm以下的微塑料其沉降过程受海洋雪的影响较大,平均沉速减小35%以上;微塑料密度越大,受海洋雪的影响越小,平均沉速减小10%以下。沉降速率的减缓,意味着微塑料在水柱中的停留时间增加,处于不同深度的水生生物可能有更多时间和概率与微塑料接触,增加了鱼类等水生生物摄入微塑料的风险。     

浙江南部近海春季鱼类群落结构特征及其年际变化

根据2016年和2020年5月在浙江南部近海采集的渔业资源调查资料,采用相对重要性指数、Bray-Curtis聚类和相似性百分比SIMPER分析、生物量谱及ABC曲线等方法,分析该水域春季鱼类群落结构特征及其稳定性的年际变化。结果显示:(1)2016年春季共捕获鱼类65种,优势种为带鱼Trichiurus lepturus、七星底灯鱼Benthosema pterotum和鳀Engraulis japonicus,而2020年春季共捕获鱼类30种,优势种为七星底灯鱼和带鱼;(2)通过聚类分析发现,2016和2020年春季鱼类群落空间格局相似,均可划分为南、北群落;(3)通过SIMPER分析,2016年春季南部群落典型种为二长棘鲷Evynnis cardinalis、龙头鱼Harpadon nehereus和鳀,北部群落典型种为龙头鱼,群落间的分歧种为带鱼;2020年南部群落典型种为七星底灯鱼,北部群落典型种为镰鲳Pampus echinogaster和小黄鱼Larimichthys polyactis,群落间的分歧种为带鱼、镰鲳和小黄鱼;(4)基于生物量谱分析,2016年和2020年春季鱼类标准生物量谱的斜率均小于-1,表明生物量均随个体平均体质量的增加而减少;(5)ABC曲线结果表明,2016年春季鱼类群落处于中等干扰状态(W=-0.22),而2020年春季鱼类群落则处于严重干扰状态(W=-0.09);(6) 经RDA排序分析,2016年和2020年春季影响鱼类群落分布的主要环境因子均为表层水温、盐度和水深。综上所述,浙江南部近海的鱼类年际变化为鱼类种类显著下降,群落特征种更替明显,群落受外界干扰影响加剧。     

利用FY-4A卫星资料研究海洋热含量对台风强度的影响

互花米草作为入侵物种对潮间带滩涂和盐沼具有严重的生态危害,化学方法治理互花米草具有简便、快速、彻底和成本低等特点。但化学药剂存在一定毒性,可能会对周边环境带来一系列不利影响。然而,有关化学治理措施所带来环境影响的研究较少。本文基于2017年8－11月的调查数据,研究了天津市永定河河口附近滩涂互花米草化学治理对附近海域海水水质和潮间带沉积物产生的影响,对调查海域海水水质和沉积物质量进行了评价。调查与评价结果表明,无机氮、活性磷酸盐和化学需氧量（COD）为调查海域主要污染因子,硫化物为潮间带沉积物主要污染因子。施药后特征污染物草甘膦检测值高于本底值,所有站位均未检出磺酰脲类除草剂。综合来看,化学治理对附近海域海洋环境影响较小。     

福建沿岸海域互花米草的分布

于2007～2008年利用遥感影像结合实地核对,全面调查福建沿岸海域互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)的分布.调查结果表明全省沿岸海域互花米草分布面积为99.24 km2,宁德市沿岸海域互花米草的面积最大,达66.29 km2.互花米草已经入侵大多数港湾,其中三沙湾分布面积最大,达62.45 km2,占全省沿岸海域互花米草总面积的62.93%.在13个主要港湾中,互花米草对三沙湾内潮间带滩涂的占有率最高,达20.86%.福建省主要河口海域大多受到互花米草的入侵,分布面积较大的有赛江口、闽江口、晋江口、九龙江口、漳江口海域,入侵面积分别为6.44、5.77、6.64、3.55和2.75 km2.因此,必须采取一些必要的措施减轻或避免互花米草对本地河口滩涂湿地生态系统的破坏.     

Dissolved oxygen levels in estuarine and coastal waters around Ireland

This paper presents the status of summer oxygen conditions in estuarine and coastal waters around Ireland between 2003 and 2007. Of the 95 water bodies surveyed, 85 had oxygen levels sufficient to support aquatic life. This corresponds to a surface area of 3125 km² or 99.4% of the total area assessed. Ten water bodies, representing a surface area of 20.2 km², were deficient in oxygen but still capable of supporting most aquatic life. No evidence of hypoxia (<2.0 mg/l O₂) or anoxia (<0.2 mg/l O₂) was found. Dissolved oxygen conditions in a number of estuaries continue to improve, probably due to improved municipal waste water treatment. The implementation of measures contained in both the Nitrates and Urban Waste Water Treatment Directives, together with those of the Water Framework Directive, should ensure areas of oxygen deficiency are eliminated from Irish waters.     

Aquatic and swamp plant communities as indicators of habitat properties of astatic water bodies in north-eastern Poland

Phytosociological and habitat studies were conducted on the water and swamp vegetation of astatic water bodies within north-eastern Poland. The phytocoenoses were selected on the basis of dominance of species forming the particular communities. The analysis of 147 relevés showed the existence of 10 vegetation types: Lemnetum minoris, Spirodeletum polyrrhizae, Riccietum fluitantis, Elodeetum canadensis, Polygonetum natantis, Typhetum latifoliae, Caricetum elatae, Calletum palustris, Potentilletum palustris, Menyanthetum trifoliatae. Among the properties of water analysed water depth, , pH, total and carbonate hardness, PO₄³⁻, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Na⁺ were found to be most important in differentiating the habitats of the vegetation types studied. Substrate properties, which best differentiated the habitats of the associations studied were NO₃⁻, Na⁺, water content, pH and total N. In spite of the wide variability of habitat conditions occurring in astatic water bodies, particular phytocoenoses distinguished on the basis of dominance of one species were associated with specific habitats. The particular phytocoenoses or groups of phytocoenoses could be good indicators of various habitat conditions that occur within astatic water bodies or changes taking place in these habitats.     

Seasonal dynamics of microbial sulfate reduction in temperate intertidal surface sediments: controls by temperature and organic matter

The role of microbial sulfate reduction on organic matter oxidation was studied quantitatively in temperate intertidal surface sediments of the German Wadden Sea (southern North Sea) on a seasonal base in the years 1998–2007. The sampling sites represent the range of sediments found in the back-barrier tidal area of Spiekeroog Island: sands, mixed and muddy flats. The correspondingly different contents in organic matter, metals, and porosities lead to significant differences in the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria with volumetric sulfate reduction rates (SRR) in the top 15 cm of up to 1.4 μmol cm^?3 day^?1. Depth-integrated areal SRR ranged between 0.9 and 106 mmol m^?2 day^?1, with the highest values found in the mudflat sediments and lower rates measured in sands at the same time, demonstrating the impact of both temperature and organic matter load. According to a modeling approach for a 154-km² large tidal area, about 39, 122, and 285 tons of sulfate are reduced per day, during winter, spring/autumn, and summer, respectively. Hence, the importance of areal benthic organic matter mineralization by microbial sulfate reduction increases during spring/autumn and summer by factors of about 2 and 7, respectively, when compared to winter time. The combined results correspond to an estimated benthic organic carbon mineralization rate via sulfate reduction of 78 g C m^?2 year^?1.