Sulphide-bearing Waters in Northern Apennines, Italy: General Features and Water-rock Interaction

Sulphide-bearing Ca-carbonate, Na-carbonate, Na-hydroxide, Na-chloride and Ca-sulphate waters from Northern Apennines were investigated in order to determine their main chemical and isotopic composition and draw inferences on water-rock interaction. ²H and ¹⁸O values suggest an origin mostly meteoric for the analysed waters but a well drilled in Miocenic sediments. The Na-carbonate and the Ca-sulphate waters are the most interesting geochemically. Na-carbonate type, which sometimes reaches extreme composition (Na/Ca up to 228, equivalent ratio), may have been derived through prolonged interaction of Ca-carbonate waters with rocks containing feldspar, montmorillonite and illite under calcite saturation/oversaturation; the high F and pH and the very low P_{CO 2} agree with prograde dissolution of silicates and lasting water-rock interaction. However, Ca–Na ion exchange, involving clays of marine origin, cannot be excluded in addition. The Ca-sulphate waters, occurring in Messinian gypsum-bearing sediments, are saturated in gypsum and calcite and exhibit very high total H₂S (up to 219 mg dm^-3) and P_{CO 2} (up to 0.32 bar). Mass balance of sulphate sulphur, sulphide sulphur and delta³⁴S suggests sulphate – derived from gypsum – as source for H₂S; CH₄ and organic matter generate the reducing conditions and sulphate reduction is mediated by bacteria. One Na-chloride water from a well in Miocenic sediments has unusual composition, containing about 700 mgdm^-3 of potential CaCl₂ and having ²H and ¹⁸O (-47.5 and -4.9 respectively) which plot far from the meteoric water lines; probably it is derived by mixing of meteoric and formation waters. The Na-hydroxide water, with very high pH (11.2), is generated through protracted interaction of meteoric waters with ultramafites.     

Silicon limitation on primary production and its destiny in Jiaozhou Bay, China V： Silicon deficit process

Silicon is a necessary nutrient for diatoms, silicon uptake in diatom reproduction decreased seawater silicon content. This paper clarified the characteristics of silicon transferring in the sea, which plays an important role in phytoplankton growth, zooplankton graze and marine ecosystem. Analysis revealed that silicate is supplied by terrestrial sources, through plankton uptake, death, and eventually deposits to the sea bottom, and cannot diffuse upward. This is a general silicon deficit process. Many global marine waters showed the same silicon transfer route: land→silicon biogeochemical process→sea bottom. River flow brings abundant silicate into marine waters, silicate concentration in the waters decreased in the distance away from the river estuaries. In discussion of silicon characteristics and its transfer route, it was considered that the main factor controlling the mechanism of diatom and non-diatom red tides occurrence is silicon, and the changes in silicon source. Human activities, such as sea-route cutting by building embankment and dam, and silicon supplement by the sea, such as sandstorm, rainstorm and storm tide, have largely impaired the earth ecosystem and hugely threatened the human existence. It is suggested in this paper that man should resume the original face of the Si input into the sea to keep natural ecosystem in sustainable pattern.     

Radon-222 in medicinal groundwaters of Szczawno Zdrój (Sudety Mountains, SW Poland)

 Radon is a significant component of the groundwaters that discharge in the springs of Szczawno Zdrój and are recognized as medicinal. However, among the five exploited springs adjoining each other, it is only in Marta Spring that radon occurs in large concentrations (up to 325.6 Bq/dm³). Therefore, the authors have made an attempt to describe and clarify this fact. They found out from their own research and archival data that ²²²Rn dissolves in the waters of Marta Spring after acidulous waters of deep circulation have mixed with poorly mineralized shallow waters in their outflow zone. The genesis of the gas is determined by the content of its parent nuclide, ²²⁶Ra, in the sandstones in the vicinity of the intake. The volume of the rocks providing radon to the waters of this intake has been estimated at several hundred cubic metres. No seasonal fluctuations in radon concentration have been observed and ²²²Rn concentration changes do not seem to be influenced by changes in the concentration of other chemical components of the waters or by the discharge of the intake. The process of dissolving ²²²Rn in the medicinal groundwaters of Marta Spring is the last, the shortest, and the most local of the processes that form the chemical composition and the physical properties of these waters. Received: 7 January 2000 · Accepted: 12 August 2000     

柴达木盆地西部第三系油田卤水资源可利用性分析

通过对柴达木盆地油气钻孔资料的整理分析发现,对第三系地层中进行油气勘探时,经常伴有自井中喷出矿化度较高的卤水———油田水。通过对柴达木盆地构造演化分析,早期残留的古湖水经干旱蒸发条件,发生浓缩,将导致有用物质组分的富集;在此基础上,2002年对柴达木盆地西部第三系地层分布区的油井新取了水样,证实该卤水中含有较高的钾硼锂碘组分。通过盐田蒸发试验,可以得到质量较好的钾石盐、硼钾混盐、含锂碘的母液。     

Identification of Anomalous Aluminium Contents in Surface and Ground Water in the Alba Territory (NW Italy)

Aluminium was determined in surface and ground waters in the Alba region of NW Italy to provide information on natural and anthropogenic sources of contamination. Determinations were made by a spectrophotometric method based on the aluminium-pyrocatechol complex. The total aluminium content of waters was determined as well as the toxic form of monomeric aluminium, obtained from samples that had been passed through 0.20 μm cellulose filters to remove colloidal and particulate material. Results were correlated with mortality data associated with Alzheimer's disease. There appeared to be a correlation between mortality data and areas having the highest aluminium content of water.     

嵌套叉树网格的FDS数值模式在近海水域污染混合区计算中的应用

鉴于海域覆盖面积大而污水排放形成混合区相对集中的特点,基于四叉树网格布设的思想,分层次对不同研究区域按不同尺度网格对近海水域进行嵌套网格联合布置,重点模拟污水排放形成的混合区范围,在此基础上建立了Godunov型通量差分裂(FDS)格式有限体积法计算模式,实现了在不同尺寸的网格联立求解,提高了数值计算效率,又保证了计算精度.以海州湾近海水域为例,对海州湾近海水域流场及污染物混合区的范围进行了模拟计算,由此建立了排污量与混合区面积之间的响应关系,为环境管理部门对入海排污量的总量控制提供了依据.     

二类水体水色遥感的主要进展与发展前景

Ⅱ类水体水色遥感是海洋水色遥感的难点和热点。针对Ⅱ类水体的光谱特性和海洋现象的特点，综述了水色卫星传感器在光谱波段配置、辐射探测性能和时空分辨率等方面的设计要求与技术进步。从水色遥感资料反演的两大关键技术——大气校正和生物光学算法两个方面，概述了Ⅱ类水体水色反演算法的研究现状和发展方向。根据我国近海的水体特点，提出了我国水色遥感研究需要解决的关键问题。     

Assessment of the atmospheric nitrogen and sulphur inputs into the North Sea using a Lagrangian model

The atmospheric chemistry and deposition model has been applied for calculation of nitrogen and sulphur depositions to the entire North Sea area for the year 1999. The total atmospheric nitrogen and sulphur depositions to the North Sea area were determined to 709 kton (kt) N and 551 kt S, respectively. Since the North Sea area was calculated to be 747,988 km², this is equivalent to an average deposition of 0.9 ton N km^?2 and 0.7 ton S km^?2, respectively. The depositions decrease strongly from the south end (about 2–3 kt N km^?2) to the north end (about 0.2 kt N km^?2) of the North Sea, due to increasing distance to the large source areas in the northern part of the European continent. The territorial waters of Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany receive about 50% higher deposition densities than the average value for the entire North Sea area. For the remaining territorial waters of the North Sea the depositions follow more or less the fraction of the area. The results furthermore show that about 60% of the total nitrogen deposition is related to emissions from combustion sources (nitrogen oxides) and about 40% from emissions related to agricultural activities (ammonia).     

稀有气体同位素地球化学研究进展

火山玻璃及地幔包体中的稀有气体是地内信息的有效示踪剂，对其研究对追溯岩浆起源、探讨地幔特征与结构等具有重要意义。在此对稀有气体同位素地球化学研究现状、稀有气体在不同构造环境中的表现及其在岩浆起源、成因、地幔结构等方面的探讨，以及对稀有气体在油气、金属矿体、地表水位、测年、地震等灾害中的研究与应用情况进行简述。