水体主要成分对表观光学量的影响

遥感反射率是水色遥感中很重要的表观光学量,它和水中色素物质含量有很密切的关系,尤其是在二类水体中,对研究和反演水色3要素：浮游植物色素、总悬浮物、可溶性有机物的浓度起着很重要的作用。通过对分析模型进行模拟分析,同时利用2003年春季黄东海试验的实测数据,对3要素不同含量和相应的遥感反射率之间的关系进行初步探讨,得出一些结果。     

基于辐射传递模拟及人工神经网络技术的二类水体光学组分的反演

介绍了一种基于辐射传递模拟和人工神经网络技术(ANN)的二类水体水色要素(CHL,SPM,CDOM)的反演算法.在辐射传递模拟计算中,纯海水吸收和散射、浮游植物吸收的数据或模型是已发表的被广泛采用的结果.黄色物质和非浮游植物颗粒吸收以及海洋颗粒物的散射模型从COASTLOOC数据中导出.另外,还利用了一个新的海洋颗粒物后向散射概率模型,在该模型中颗粒物后向散射概率是颗粒有机物与SPM比值和波长的甬数.把上述定义的固有光学性质作为输入,经过辐射传递模拟得到海表面以下辐照度反射比数据集,然后将该模拟数据集用于训练不同的人工神经网络,获取水色和水色要素浓度之间甬数关系的最佳近似.利用以上建立的基于人工神经网络的算法,把COASTLOOC数据集和PMNS数据集的辐照度反射比作为输入进行水色要素反演,通过比较反演值和真实测量值来评价算法性能.结果显示,建立的基于ANN的二类水体水色要素反演算法具有很好的性能.     

Pathogenic agents in freshwater resources

Numerous pathogenic agents have been found in freshwaters used as sources for water supplies, recreational bathing and irrigation. These agents include bacterial pathogens, enteric viruses, several protozoans and parasitic worms more common to tropical waters. Although infected humans are a major source of pathogens, farm animals (cattle, sheep, pigs), animal pets (dogs, cats) and wildlife serve as significant reservoirs and should not be ignored. The range of infected individuals within a given warm-blooded animal group (humans included) may range from 1 to 25%. Survival times for pathogens in the water environment may range from a few days to as much as a year (Ascaris, Taenia eggs), with infective dose levels varying from one viable cell for several primary pathogenic agents to many thousands of cells for a given opportunistic pathogen. As pathogen detection in water is complex and not readily incorporated into routine monitoring, a surrogate is necessary. In general, indicators of faecal contamination provide a positive correlation with intestinal pathogen occurrences only when appropriate sample volumes are examined by sensitive methodology. Pathways by which pathogens reach susceptible water users include ingestion of contaminated water, body contact with polluted recreational waters and consumption of salad crops irrigated by polluted freshwaters. Major contributors to the spread of various water-borne pathogens are sewage, polluted surface waters and stormwater runoff. All of these contributions are intensified during periods of major floods. Several water-borne case histories are cited as examples of breakdowns in public health protection related to water supply, recreational waters and the consumption of contaminated salad crops. In the long term, water resource management must focus on pollution prevention from point sources of waste discharges and the spread of pathogens in watershed stormwater runoff.     

Efficacy of adapted estuarine fish-based multimetric indices as tools for evaluating ecological status of the marine environment

The assessment of ecological status of marine fish communities required by the marine strategy framework directive (MSFD) emphasises the need for fish-based ecological indices in marine waters. In this study we adapt five estuarine multimetric indices to the marine environment and apply them in three types of substrates, analysing the metrics responsible for the obtained patterns of ecological status. The results show inefficiency of the community degradation index (CDI) and the biological health index (BHI) in ecological status assessment and disagreement between the estuarine biotic integrity index (EBI), the estuarine fish community index (EFCI) and the transitional fish classification index (TFCI). Analysis of individual metrics suggests lack of representativeness and consideration for the particularities of each substrate’s typical fish communities. None of the tested indices were efficient on the marine environment, urging the need for new marine indices that account for differences between types of substrate and depth.     

许氏平鲉Sebastes schlegeli(Hilgendorf)及欧氏六线鱼Hexagrammos otakii Jordan et Starks核型研究

采用PHA体内注射肾细胞直接制片法研究青岛近海常见的许氏平鲉和欧氏六线鱼的核型,核型公式分别为2n=48,2m+46t,NF=50和2n=48,6m+16sm+20st+6t,NF=70。许氏平鲉的t组的第20对(t20)染色体和欧氏六线鱼t组第3对(t3)染色体分别为各自核型中具随体的特征性染色体。此外,在两种鱼中均未发现有异形性杂色体存在。     

中国沿海真鲷种群鉴别研究

对1990-1998年期间取样于中国沿海5个不同海区的真鲷(Pagrosomus major Temminck et Schlegel)样品的23项形态性状进行测量,并应用差异系数、均数差异显著性、方差分析和判别函数分析等数理统计学方法对性状特征的差异进行比较,结合产卵场、分布洄游习性以及海洋环境条件进行综合分析,存此基础上对上述海区的真鲷种群分群问题进行了探讨。结果表明．中国沿海真鲷可分为4个不同地方种群．即黄渤海地方种群、东海地方种群、闽南-南海地方种群和北部湾地方种群。文中还讨论了真鲷种质资源保护问题。     

Winter counter-wind currents off the southeastern China coast: A review

This review covers the discovery and studies of the year-round northeastward currents off the southeastern China coast, paying special attention to its upwind characteristic in winter, mainly focusing on work by Chinese oceanographers. This current system is a prominent and unique phenomenon in the shelf circulation of the world ocean. The general features of the current system are summarized. The evidence for the existence and the variation of the three parts of the currents—the South China Sea Warm Current, the Taiwan Strait Warm Current and the Taiwan Warm Current—are separately elucidated. The formation mechanisms of the current as a whole are explained using dynamic analysis and numerical simulation results. Some suggestions for further studies are also made.     

粤西海域浮游植物的时空分布及其漂移特点

根据1998—1999年粤西海域4个航次浮游植物的调查资料,在GIS和SPSS的支持下对该海域浮游植物栖息密度的时空分布特征及重心位置的变化进行了初步分析。结果显示,春季、秋季和冬季浮游植物的分布趋势相似,均呈北高南低或近岸水域高、离岸水域低的分布趋势,其密集分布区均出现在电白至川山群岛一带的近岸水域,其中以冬季的分布范围最广,栖息密度最高,平均值达412.70×104cells·m-3,其次为秋季,平均值为149.75×104cells·m-3。夏季浮游植物密集分布区的范围较小,呈现出东北侧近岸水域密集程度高、西南侧水域低的分布特点,其栖息密度处于全年的最低值,平均值为15.64×104cells·m-3。偏相关分析结果表明,浮游植物栖息密度与N/P比值呈显著的正相关关系,与无机氮、磷酸盐和硅酸盐的相关性不显著。栖息密度的重心分析结果表明,春季、秋季和冬季浮游植物的重心位置彼此相近,漂移规律不明显;而夏季重心则明显向东南方向漂移,其最大漂移距离横向达24.74′,纵向达16.78′。     

Ⅱ类水体光学特性的剖面测量方法

剖面测量方法是国际上推荐测量水体表观光学参数的首选方法，文章在简要介绍剖面测量原理的基础上，根据Ⅱ类水体特点对应用算法进行改进，并给出其应用效果。