Export of Acidity in Drainage Water from Acid Sulphate Soils

Disturbed acid sulphate soils are potent sources of acidity in coastal waterways. Monitoring studies of the drainage water for sites at East Trinity, Cairns and Pimpama, south-east Queensland indicate that considerable acidity is found in the drainage water from these sites. Hydrogen (H⁺), ferrous (Fe²⁺) and aluminium (Al) ions are the dominant acid cations involved. When drainage water is mixed with fresh or marine waters the effect of H⁺ on acidity generation is immediate. Aluminium can release acidity on hydrolysis, while the oxidation of Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺ both acidifies and removes dissolved oxygen from the water. Strongly acidic waters with low levels of dissolved oxygen concentration are undesirable for most forms of aquatic life. Export of acidity from acid sulphate soil is likely to have a major effect on inshore fisheries and breeding grounds especially in periods of flood following drought or periods of low rainfall, where large volumes of acidity can be flushed/leached into sensitive aquatic/marine habitats. Impacts may include low dissolved oxygen, fish kills, epizootic ulceration syndrome and damage to oysters. During the processes of oxidation and hydrolysis, iron and aluminium flocs form, that can smother benthic communities. Heavy metals are found in the drainage water at elevated levels and may also be of concern for aquatic organisms. Chronic effects such as habitat degradation, mortality of marine worms, bivalves, invasion of acid tolerant species (both plant and animal) and avoidance of habitat have been documented elsewhere. These areas require further research.     

Mineral and thermal waters of the Ipelská Pahorkatina hillyland

 Mineral and thermal waters occur at Kalinciakovo, Santovka, Dudince, Slatina and Turovce, in the inner side of the Western Carpathian arc, the south-western margin of the Central Slovak Neovolcanics, and on the so-called Levice spring line. They are important sources of mineral waters for Slovakia, which are used for different purposes (bathing therapy, bottling, recreation). The mineral and thermal waters of Dudince have an extraordinary position among them. The mineral water with its physico-chemical composition and content of gasses enables its wide use for bathing therapy and it occupies a special position among the mineral waters of the Carpathian arc. Received: 9 November 1998 · Accepted: 2 March 1999     

厦门东侧海域浮游植物的种类组成与分布

共鉴定厦门东侧海域浮游植物４３属１１１种,其主体是广温性种类（５６种）,占浮游植物总种数的５０％。主要优势种的季节性演替明显。四季浮游植物的平均细胞总量达３６５００千个／ｍ＾３,最重要的优势种是施链角毛藻（Ｃｈａｅｔｏｃｅｒｏｓｃ ｃｕｒｖｉｓｅｔｕｓ）（占总量的５３．３％）和中肋骨条藻（Ｓｋｅｌｅｔｏｎｅｍａ ｃｏｓｔａｔｕｍ）（占２０．０）。浮游植物的繁盛时期在春、夏两季,但高峰期出现在春季,不同于相邻的厦门外港和厦门西港。     

Changes in the Structure of a Coastal Fish Assemblage Exploited by a Small Scale Gillnet Fishery During an El Niño–La Niña Event

During 1998 an experimental gillnet fishing survey was carried out in a Mexican Central Pacific inshore zone. One-hundred and thirty fish species belonging to 51 families and 18 orders were identified. The most abundant species wereMicrolepidotus brevipinnis (29·0% of the total abundance) and Caranx caninus (19·2%), followed by C. caballus (6·3%), Kyphosus analogus (4·3%) and C. sexfasciatus (3·4%). Thermal SST anomalies showed the existence of two periods. The first, from January to April with positive anomalies, defines the end of an El Niño episode. The second period, from May to December, constitutes the beginning of the La Niña episode. The typical seasonality in a non-anomalous year continued for a large percentage of the inshore fish community, and the effects of the anomalous event consisted of changes in seasonality of occurrence in some individual species and the unusual abundance of some uncommon species. The species richness was higher during the El Niño–La Niña event than in a non-anomalous year, and therefore the event could be considered an interannual environmental mechanism that favours fish diversity in inshore waters.     

我国沿海地区生态城市建设评价

本文从城市生态系统的结构、功能和协调度三个方面构建了生态城市的指标体系,提出了生态城市的评价方法,并选取沿海16个城市进行城市生态化建设的综合评价与比较分析。采用适合生态城市建设的数学模型对这些城市的复合生态系统进行定量分析,其中指标涉及人口指标、生态环境指标、经济指标与社会指标4个方面,构建3个一级指标,10个二级指标,25个三级指标。得出了16个沿海城市生态化水平的比较结果,因之深圳在城市结构、城市功能方面明显高于其它城市,其生态化综合水平位居首位,其值超过标准值达到了1.19,营口市在工业废水达标率、环境噪声达标率、人均生活用水、人均国民生产总值与失业率方面得分最低是导致其生态化综合水平最低的主要原因。16市在城市环境方面得分普遍较低,表明大气质量与环境噪声是限制这些城市生态建设的主要因素。     

中国近岸部分海域海水中金属络合配位体浓度的研究

采用阳极溶出伏安法对黄河口、青岛近海、大亚湾和南海海域海水中的金属络合配位体的浓度进行了测定,同时探讨了其分布规律与相关参量的关系.结果发现:南海海域海水中的金属络合配体的浓度稍高于其他3个海域,且都明显高于大洋水的浓度;在微表层存在富集现象;在垂直分布上表层最大,然后随深度增加而降低,在底层有较大值;各海域配位体的性质呈复杂性;铜的络合配位体浓度大于镉和铅;总的来说与世界其他海域的分布规律是一致的.同时发现铜络合配位体浓度与BOD(生化需氧量)、COD(化学需氧量)、DOC(溶解有机碳)及黏度存在显著的正相关性.     

Determination of the Concentration of Carbonic Species in Natural Waters: Results from a World‐Wide Proficiency Test

The results of an international interlaboratory proficiency test for the determination of carbonic species are presented. Eight laboratories analysed twelve water samples (four synthetic waters, one lake water, four geothermal waters, one seawater and two petroleum waters) by two methods: (a) individual laboratory analytical procedure and (b) acid–base titration curves in tabular form following a standardised protocol. In case (b), the concentrations of carbonic species were calculated by the organiser using the (1) Hydrologists' method, (2) Geochemists' method and/or (3) initial pH and total alkalinity method. For synthetic waters, the averaged % trueness and precision of measurement of the two methods were (trueness = 7.6, precision = 9.4) and (9.0, 3.4) for total alkalinity, and (6.6, 31.0) and (7.8, 6.1) for carbonic alkalinity, respectively. This indicates that the total alkalinity calculation procedure is in general correct in the individual laboratory method, but the carbonic alkalinity calculation procedure has serious problems. The measurements of total alkalinity for lake and seawaters were in agreement in both the methods; however, the individual laboratory measurement method for geothermal and petroleum waters was conceptually incorrect. Thus, the analytical procedures for the determination of carbonic species were reviewed. To apply the Hydrologists' and/or Geochemists' methods, the location of NaHCO₃EP and H₂CO₃EP is necessary, even for samples with pH lower than that of NaHCO₃EP, and a backward titration curve after complete removal of CO₂ must be performed. The initial pH and total alkalinity method is appropriate where a complete analysis of species that contribute to the alkalinity is known.     

长江口邻近海域水团特征与影响范围的季节变化

基于2009年—2011年调查资料,研究长江口及其邻近海域水体温度和盐度时空分布特征,剖析该海域水团特征与影响范围的季节变化。结果表明,从春末到秋初,长江水以高温形式向外海扩展,秋末至翌年春初,径流水以低温形式从河口流向东南。西北部海区受黄海冷水团影响,水温较低,东北部受南黄海西部逆时针环流影响,盐度较低,东南部海区受黑潮及分支台湾暖流影响,呈高温高盐状态。受径流量和季风季节差异,长江冲淡水影响一般夏季最强,扩展范围最大,秋末冬初最弱。其双向延伸趋势在夏季有最清晰表现,一支自河口向东北方向延伸,指向南黄海中部,一支穿过杭州湾口及舟山群岛一带沿岸南下,或自长江口向东南方向扩展。温度垂向变化表明夏季存在上升流,并明确处于以31.5°N,122.67°E为中心,在经纬方向上各达1°范围内。     

Removal fluxes of Mn and Fe from the nearshore waters along the west coast of Taiwan

Dissolved and particulate Mn and Fe in the nearshore waters were determined at 27 stations along the west coast of Taiwan during 19-23 November 2004. The latitudinal distributions of Mn and Fe were very similar; however, the concentration in the dissolved phase was lower, whereas that in the particulate phase was higher in the northern regime. The higher percentage of Fe than Mn that was associated with particles resulted in a two-order of magnitude higher particle-water partition coefficient for Fe, K_d(Fe), than that for Mn, K_d(Mn). The removal fluxes of Mn and Fe could be estimated by multiplying the particulate ²³⁴Th removal flux with the Mn/²³⁴Th and Fe/²³⁴Th ratios in suspended particles, which ranged from 0.1 to 3.8 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹ for Mn, and from 3.4 to 194.5 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹ for Fe. Residence times ranged from 1 to 20 days for Mn and Fe were estimated in the nearshore.