Mineral water exploration and exploitation at the Portuguese Hercynian Massif

The thermal baths and bottled water industry are highly related to the hydrogeology of hard rocks in Portugal. In the last 15 years, almost all classical dug wells or simple spring arrangements were replaced by drilled wells. The completion of these new wells was normally preceded by geological, geophysical, and hydrogeological surveys as well as by exploration and observation wells. A step-by-step approach resulted in a positive well location in most sites. Some small-scale, low-enthalpy geothermal projects are in operation in some locations.     

A new and simple method for qualitative sampling of meiobenthos-communities

The introduced collecting method is based on a common entomologist exhauster, which is specified for the fieldwork in aquatic systems with a sieve-inset and a bottom-lid. The living organisms are collected visually from the sampled debris and no further extraction is needed. The apparatus is designed for qualitative sampling of microcrustaceans (e.g. Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracoda) and minimises disturbance at the sampling site.     

Statistical characteristics of chlorophyll-a concentration in Hong Kong's coastal waters

In this paper seven of the ten Water Control Zones (WCZs) in Hong Kong's coastal waters with monthly or bi-weekly sampling data of 17 parameters collected at 37 monitoring stations from 1988 to 1999 were selected to analyze the spatial and temporal variations of chlorophyll-a and its influencing factors. Cluster analysis was employed to group the monitoring stations based on the structure of the data set. Multiple step regression was employed to determine the significant influencing factors of chlorophyll-a level. The results suggest that all the monitoring stations could be grouped into two clusters. Cluster I with frequent red tide incidents comprises two WCZs which are semi-enclosed bays. Cluster II with less red tide occurrence comprises the other five WCZs in an estuarine environment in the west. For both clusters, the organic contents indicator, BOD5, was a common significant influencing factor of the chlorophyll-a level. Nitrogen and light penetration condition related to turbidity, total volatile solids and suspended solids had more influence on the cholophyll-a level in Cluster I than in Cluster II, while phosphorus and oceanographic conditions associated with salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were more important in Cluster II than in Cluster I. Generally, there was a higher average chlorophyll-a level in winter and autumn in a year. The chlorophyll-a level was much higher in Cluster I than in Cluster II among all seasons. Although the chlorophyll-a concentration had great variations from place to place in Hong Kong's coastal waters, it seemed to have a common long term fluctuation period of 8-10 years with a high-low-high variation in the period in the whole region, which might be influenced by other factors of global scale.     

青岛近海春、秋季渔业资源群落结构特征的初步研究

根据2004年5月和10月在青岛近海进行的渔业资源底拖网调查,对该海域渔业资源群落结构特征进行了初步研究.结果表明,春、秋季2个航次在该海域共捕获渔业资源种类76种.春、秋季单位网次渔获量分别为12.9kg/h和6.1kg/h,优势种类主要为赤鼻棱NB023（Thrissa kammalensis）、大泷六线鱼（Hexagrammos otakii）以及口虾蛄（Oratosquilla oratoria）、日本枪乌贼（Loligo japonica）等无脊椎动物.分别计算了青岛近海春、秋季渔业生物群落的种类丰度指数（R）、多样性指数（H′）和均匀度（J′）.聚类分析、单因子相似性分析（ANOSIM）以及相似性百分比分析（SIMPER）表明该水域渔业资源群落结构存在一定程度的时空异质性.青岛近海渔业资源呈现出明显的小型化和低质化特征.     

舟山近海环境DNA保存方法的建立及优化

近年来,环境DNA(environmentalDNA,eDNA)技术开始被广泛应用于水生生物多样性研究。本文通过绝对定量和高通量测序技术对舟山近海高浊度水样eDNA的保存方法进行了建立和优化。研究结果如下:(1)"酒精+低温"保存法的eDNA获得量是"酒精+常温"保存法的0.78—1.06 (7d)、0.89—1.80 (15d)、1.05—2.75 (30d)和2.69 (60d)倍;(2)酒精保存法(低温、常温)存在eDNA富集物渗漏及滤膜黏附现象;(3)短期内冷冻保存样品的eDNA获得量是酒精保存样品获得量的1.25—1.59倍(7d)和1.07—1.20倍(15d);(4)酒精保存法的eDNA降解速率慢于冷冻保存法,长期内酒精保存样品的eDNA获得量是冷冻保存样品获得量的1.99—2.10倍(30d)和2.84—7.64倍(60d);(5)二次富集(过滤)能显著提高eDNA获得量,富集组eDNA浓度是未富集组浓度的1.60—4.95倍("酒精+低温")和1.21—2.04倍("酒精+常温");(6)"酒精+低温"保存的样品在高通量测序总丰度、各鱼种分丰度、物种多样性指数等多个方面优于冷冻保存样品;(7)微生物(micro-organism)的eDNA降解速率慢于大生物(macro-organism),不同界(Kingdom)的eDNA最优保存方法可能并不相同。本研究首次建立了舟山近海高浊度水样eDNA最适保存方法,为相似水域的eDNA保存提供了借鉴参考。     

陆架海岸台风沉积记录及信息提取

长时间尺度风暴强度–频率关系与气候变化相关联,而器测记录和历史记载难以提供充分的信息,因此从沉积记录中提取风暴信息成为一个前沿科学问题。在应用上,这项研究可为海岸带城市群应对未来气候和海面变化提供决策依据。本文回顾了台风沉积记录研究进展,显示陆架泥质沉积、海滩及海岸沙丘、潮滩、潟湖、巨砾是台风事件记录的良好载体,可通过层序形态和物质特性分析而识别。同时,还需进一步完善分析方法,以区分台风、冬季风暴、河流洪水和海啸等不同类型的极端事件沉积。在台风强度信息提取方面,陆架泥质沉积所含贝壳–粗颗粒沉积物可作为海底再悬浮强度的指标,但需更多实测数据的率定;海滩及海岸沙丘顶部的台风沉积分布高程指示了台风激浪流的上冲高度,而台风巨砾的重量可以与近岸波浪的波高建立联系。以上数据经过换算后可以得出台风强度的信息,虽然这些间接的沉积学信息还不足以建立风暴强度–频率关系,但有助于台风强度大数据的建立。潮滩、潟湖沉积连续性好,可构成台风事件的时间序列,然而关于台风强度却是多解的,台风最大风力、持续时间、移动路径、登陆地点的不同组合可能产生同样的事件沉积。我们建议,应发展台风信息提取的新方法,来解决这个问题。进行现代过程模拟,根据已知的台风事件资料构建沉积物输运堆积模型,使之能够复演事件沉积的特征;进行多个地点事件沉积的反演模拟,在此情形下,即便每个站位的结果是多解的,但针对多个站位上求取其解的交集之后,多解性将下降,这种模拟方法可称之为“解空间收缩法”;采用大数据融合方式,将其他来源的台风强度数据纳入模拟体系,可进一步降低风暴信息提取的不确定性。动力过程模拟与大数据融合方法的建立,有助于获得与沉积记录同样时间尺度的台风强度–频率关系曲线,进而分析台风动态与气候变化的关系。     

山东半岛沿岸海域悬浮体时空分布及形成机制分析

依据2015年GOCI(geostationary ocean color imager)卫星影像反演的悬浮体浓度数据,分析了山东半岛沿岸海域表层悬浮体质量浓度和锋面月变化特征,揭示该海域悬浮体的分布特征和扩散格局,并结合风速、波高以及海表温度数据,对其控制因素进行初步探讨。结果显示:研究区内悬浮体质量浓度整体表现为冬季最高,春秋次之,夏季最低的分布特征;悬浮体扩散过程可以划分为4个阶段,冬季稳定外输,春季向岸退缩,夏季近岸贮存,秋季向外扩散。此外,山东半岛近岸存在一条悬浮体质量浓度高于10 mg/L的浑浊带,该浑浊带同样表现出季节变化,它在秋季开始形成,其悬浮体含量、幅宽及延伸范围在冬季达到最大,春季减弱,夏季消失。研究认为山东半岛沿岸海域的表层悬浮体来源主要是海底沉积物的再悬浮。风场、海浪以及沿岸流的强弱变化对悬浮体分布和输运的季节变化有重要的控制作用:风场和海浪影响海水混合搅拌强度,改变海底沉积物再悬浮作用的临界深度,进而影响表层海水悬浮体浓度,致使悬浮体浓度与风浪的月际变化趋势基本一致;沿岸流携带高浓度悬浮体沿山东半岛输运形成沿岸浑浊带,沿岸流的强度变化直接控制浑浊带的季节变化。     

基于奇异谱分析的深圳近海净初级生产力时间序列研究

海洋净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity, NPP)长时间序列分析可获取NPP多年变化趋势、季节变化等动态信息,对海洋环境的监测与预报具有重要意义。本文以2003～2013年月际尺度净初级生产力卫星遥感产品为数据源,通过奇异谱分析提取标准化净初级生产力时间序列的长期趋势和周期振荡特征。研究表明,①浮标监测数据的叶绿素a浓度、海表温度与MODIS的叶绿素a浓度、海表温度产品变化趋势基本一致,NPP时间序列产品可用于分析深圳近岸海域净初级生产力的变化趋势。②空间分布上,深圳西部海域的NPP和叶绿素a浓度远高于大鹏湾和大亚湾,大鹏湾和大亚湾的NPP和叶绿素a浓度均值及变化趋势非常接近。三个海区NPP、叶绿素a浓度、海表温度和光合有效辐射在季风转换期变化剧烈。③长期趋势上,深圳西部海域呈现2 a周期波动趋势,在均值附近以年为周期上下波动。大鹏湾和大亚湾2003～2006年NPP低于平均水平, 2008年后NPP开始以年为周期围绕平均值上下波动, 2012年后NPP整体与均值持平。④周期特征上,深圳西部海域、大鹏湾和大亚湾的NPP呈"W"或"M"型周年变化,存在夏季主高峰(6～7月)和冬季次高峰(12～1月)。     

山东南部近海春季大型底栖动物丰度、生物量及群落结构研究

于2007年4月对山东南部近海进行了32个站位的大型底栖动物研究,共发现大型底栖动物170种,其中多毛类87种,软体动物25种,甲壳类47种,棘皮动物7种,其他类群4种。排名前3位的优势种是背蚓虫(Notomastus latericeus)、东方缝栖蛤(Hiatella orientalia)和寡鳃齿吻沙蚕(Nephtys oligobranchia)。研究海域大型底栖动物总平均丰度为1494 ind/m~2,总平均生物量为13.88 g/m~2,生物多样性指数H′、J′和d的平均值分别为:3.856、0.805和4.004。在30%相似度水平上,该海域大型底栖动物可划分为4个群落。综合H′和ABC曲线的结果,山东南部海域底栖生态环境较好。     

Cycling of dissolved and particulate nitrogen and carbon in the Framvaren Fjord, Norway: stable isotopic variations

The reaction pathways of nitrogen and carbon in the Framvaren Fjord (Norway) were studied through stable isotope analysis (δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C) of dissolved inorganic and particulate organic matter (POM). The variations in the isotopic compositions of the various C and N pools within the water column were use to evaluate the historical deposition of material to the sediments. The high δ¹⁵N-NH₄⁺ at the O₂/H₂S interface, as a consequence of microbial uptake between 19 and 25 m, results in extremely depleted δ¹⁵N-particulate nitrogen (PN) of approximately 1‰ within the particulate maximum at approximately 19 m. The carbon isotopic distribution of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) within the interface suggests that the distinct microbial flora (Chromatium sp. and Chlorobium sp.) fractionate inorganic carbon to different degrees. The extremely light δ¹³C-POC within the interface (−31‰) appears to be a result of carbon uptake by Chromatium sp. while δ¹³C-POC of −12‰ is more indicative of Chlorobium sp. Nitrogen isotopic mass balance calculations suggested that approximately 75% of the material sinking to the sediments was derived from the dense particulate maximum between 19 and 25 m. The sediment distribution of nitrogen isotopes varied from 2‰ at the surface to approximately 6‰ at 30 cm. The nitrogen isotopic variations with depth may be an indicator of the depth or position of the O₂/H₂S interface in the fjord. Low sediment δ¹⁵N indicated that the interface was within the photic zone of the water column, while more enriched values suggested that the interface was lower in the water column potentially allowing for less fractionation during biological incorporation of dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Results indicate that the dense layers of photo-autotrophic bacteria in the upper water column impart unique carbon and nitrogen isotopic signals that help follow processes within the water column and deposition to the sediments.