渤海结冰海区溢油行为数值模拟

基于溢与海冰,水,大气的相互作用原理,建立了渤海结冰海区溢油行为数据模式,该模式模拟子结冰海区中油的输运过程,与国外有关模式相比更加重视冰场和冰速场的作用。海冰及潮流模式及采被实况检验过的渤海海冰数值预报模式。     

渤海水域初级生产力10年间的变化

根据 1982～1983 年和 1992～1993 年对渤海水域生产力调查资料的分析对比,探讨了渤海水域浮游植物现存量(叶绿素 a)及其初级生产力 10a 间的变化, 发现叶绿素 a 由105m g／m 3 减少到 061m g／m 3 ,初级生产力由 312m g／m 2d 下降到 216m g／m 2d,下降的幅度大约为(30～40)×10－ 2 ．但叶绿素 a 与初级生产力的空间分布与季节变化特征基本一致。     

加拿大内陆水的保护

Contrary to general international perception, Canada does not have an unlimited supply of freshwater. However, because Canada has a small population, it does have a generous water allocation on a per capita basis. Nor is Canada immune from water quality problems:its cold continental climate, urbanization and industrial activities all contribute to water quality concerns and deterioration. Generally, the authority to manage water in Canada is held by the country''s provincial governments. The Great Lakes basin is the world''s largest freshwater ecosystem and is located in Canada''s industrial heartland. Water issues, starting with phosphorus in the 1960''s, created international headlines. In the 1970''s toxics became the predominant issue and this led to the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement which established the ecosystem approach to water quality management. This approach is now the standard approach to water quality management and has been successfully applied to a number of other lake and river ecosystems in Canada. While there have been improvements in the water quality of the Great Lakes much remains to be done on toxic elimination and the large contaminant stores in the sediments. Atmospheric deposition has become a significant source of chemicals from outside the basin The Canadian prairies, the agricultural heartland of Canada, is one major ecozone that has not been selected to have current and potential water quality problems examined by a federal government program. Both the quantity and quality of water in this region are potentially significant factors limiting economic diversification and sustainable development in this vast and ecologically disturbed region.     

Hydro-climatology of the Lower Rhône Valley: historical flood reconstruction (AD 1300–2000) based on documentary and instrumental sources

From the HISTRHONE database we extracted 1483 hydro-meteorological events from AD 1300 to 2000 that occurred in the Lower Rhône Valley, France. Daily heights of the Rhône River at Beaucaire and Arles are also available, from 1816 and 1829, respectively. A total of 517 floods were divided into three categories and a synthetic frequency severity index (FSI) was computed. Running averages of 11 and 31 years show a succession of poor and rich flood fluctuations. Extreme floods tripled in the second half of the period (1650–2000). Singular spectrum analysis isolates a dominant irregular component (main positive anomalies in 1450–1580, around 1700, late 18th century, and most of the 20th century). We focus on the 17th century, with rare flooding events between two secular so-called “hyper phases”, i.e. frequent and/or severe floods. We also recorded 173 episodes of ice in the river, during the Little Ice Age.     

二类水体表观光学特性的测量与分析--水面之上法方法研究

水体光谱特性的测量与分析是海洋水色遥感的基础工作之一。水体光谱特性包括两个方面：表观光学特性和固有光学特性。现场直接获取表观光学特性有剖面法和水面之上法。在多次现场试验的基础上,主要针对二类水体从误差来源的角度来对水面之上法进行方法研究。同时,借鉴一类水体水面之上法的多种数据处理方法,对二类水体水面之上法的数据处理方法进行探讨。     

与高岭石固相平衡的酸性天然地表水中铝形态分布的计算机模拟

基于热力学平衡计算,用计算机模拟研究了与高岭石固相平衡的酸性天然地表水中铝的形态分布,讨论了影响铝莆态分布的各种因素,同三水铝石固相平衡相比,与高岭石固相平衡的酸性天然地表水中,铝的形态分布与溶解硅酸的浓度密度相关,聚合态铝浓度较低,总溶解铝浓度明湿减小约２个数量级,模型被用于实际水样的分析,所得结果与实验值符合较好,最后用Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃａｒｌｏ模拟考察了由于平衡常数的选择而带来的不确定性。     

与高岭石固相平衡的酸性天然地表水中铝的缓冲作用的计算机模拟

基于质量守恒以及电中性条件,采用化学平衡计算法,计算模拟研究了高岭石固相平衡的酸性天然地表水中铝的缓冲作用对ｐＨ值,酸中和容量ＡＮＣ和缓冲强度β的影响,讨论了影响酸性地表水ｐＨ估算的各种因素,如溶解硅酸的浓度,溶解总无机碳的浓度,溶解总氟和总有机碳的浓度及温度等。模型被用于实际水样的分析,所得结果与实验值符合较好,用ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ模拟考察了由于平衡常数的选择以及水化学参数测量误差而带来的不确     

The silica supersaturated waters of northern Evia and eastern central Greece

The area of north Evia and eastern central Greece is characterized by strong geomorphological contrast and is built up mainly of consolidated rocks. Unconsolidated young sediments of Pleistocene to Holocene age cover the valley and basin flats, forming the most productive aquifers in this area. However, two more types of aquifers can be distinguished within the consolidated rock area. The first one is associated with karstified limestones and the second with strongly tectonized ultramafic rocks. The schist–chert formation, with intercalations of shales and cherts, seals the ultramafic masses underneath. Surface and spring waters associated with ultramafic rocks in north Evia and eastern central Greece were studied. Two types of water can be distinguished: (1) high Mg²⁺ and SiO₂ , bicarbonate as the dominant anion, pH 7·4–9·2, temperature 9·5–16·3 °C, low TDS (total dissolved solutes) (459–1037 mg/l), found both in peridotite and serpentinite areas, classified as Mg–HCO₃ type; (2) high Ca²⁺, low Mg²⁺ and SiO₂ , hydroxyl ion as the major anion, pH 11·2, temperature 28 °C, very low TDS (122 mg/l), found in peridotite areas, classified as Ca–OH type. The studied waters are highly supersaturated with respect to quartz, amorphous silica, brucite and most low temperature magnesium silicates (antigorite, sepiolite, talc, etc.). These waters show relatively narrow SiO₂ concentration ranges and a trend parallel to the amorphous silica saturation surface. The silica supersaturated waters have the potential to precipitate silica and consequently could affect the people of the local communities that use it as drinking water, causing health problems (kidney stones). Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geochemical and radioactivity mapping in Poland

In 1990 the Polish Geological Institute initiated geochemical mapping of the country aimed at determining the actual conditions of chemistry in the Earth's surficial environments (soils, water sediments, and surficial waters as well) and sea-floor deposits in the Polish economic sector of the Baltic Sea. The geochemical mapping on different scales covered the entire area of the country and selected more important urban agglomerations and industrial districts. Approximately 15,100 samples of soils, 16,200 samples of fresh water sediments, 14,600 samples of surface waters and 467 samples of marine deposits were collected and analysed. A list of geochemical atlases published by the Polish Geological Institute is presented. Investigation of the distribution of radionuclides (natural and artificial) has been done since 1992. Concentrations of U, Th, K, post-Chernobyl Cs and γ dose rate were measured. Approximately 20,000 points covering the whole country were measured. More detailed mappings were executed in the areas polluted by Cs.     

山东半岛近岸海域蟹类群落结构特征的研究

根据2014年8月和10月、2015年2月和5月使用单船底拖网进行的4个航次调查数据,对山东半岛近岸海区的莱州湾及渤海南部、山东半岛北部和山东半岛南部等3个海域蟹类种类组成、时空分布、优势种、群落结构稳定性等群落结构特征进行了研究。结果显示,4次调查共捕获蟹类20种,隶属于10科17属,其中日本蟳（Charybdis japonica）和三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus）是主要经济种类,其余均为小型饵料型蟹类;海区内主要的优势种为双斑蟳（Charybdis bimaculata）、日本蟳（Charybdis japonica）和三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus）,3个海域优势种季节更替均十分明显;莱州湾及渤海南部和山东半岛南部2个海域生物量季节变化明显,春季较低,在夏季达到峰值,夏季到冬季呈降低趋势,山东半岛北部海域生物量季节变化不明显。3个海域蟹类群落物种多样性指数（H'）、丰富度指数（D）及均匀度指数（J'）均处于较低水平,并有一定的季节变化;水深、水温和盐度是影响蟹类群落结构的重要因子,渤莱沿岸流、黄海暖流和黄海冷水团通过影响海域内水温与盐度影响蟹类群落结构。研究表明山东半岛近岸海区蟹类以小型饵料型蟹类为主,蟹类多样性水平较低,优势种更替明显,群落季节更替指数较高,季节间迁移频繁,蟹类群落不稳定。