基于DEM的USLE土壤侵蚀方程地形因子获取与分析

坡长和坡度是研究水土流失问题中必须要考虑的重要地形因子,坡长的空间分布特征和规律、地貌发育对坡长的影响,以及坡长与坡度之间的关系,是研究水土流失、侵蚀规律的重要条件之一。利用GIS以及相关软件为平台,在黑龙江省通河地区建立USLE水土流失方程模型,研究LS因子在水土流失中的影响以及作用,并探讨DEM数据分辨率变化对LS值的影响。     

论中部农区农户打工区位选择影响因素——以河南省三个样本村为例

对农户打工区位的研究是认识农民工流动空间规律的基础。通过对河南省南阳市三个不同类型样本村的实证研究,发现打工者不同的个人特征、家庭特征和社区特征对其打工地的选择具有重要影响。其中,个人特征中的性别对打工空间、年龄对打工距离及打工空间具有显著影响;家庭特征中的家庭类型对打工距离、家庭代数和家庭上学子女数量对打工距离和打工空间具有显著影响;社区特征中的村经济发展水平、村地形对打工空间具有显著影响,农户关系网络对打工地的选择具有关键作用。农户对打工地的选择是在能够预期取得一定收入的前提下,综合考虑个人、家庭和社区因素的结果,地理环境因素对打工地的选择具有重要影响。     

天山山区与塔克拉玛干沙漠云水资源的对比分析

采用NASA地球观测系统(EOS)云与地球辐射能量系统(CERES)2002年7月至2004年6月CERES SSF AquaMOD IS Edition 1B云资料,对天山山区和塔克拉玛干沙漠云水资源进行了研究。得到的结果不仅包括云量、云液态水柱含量,还包括云滴尺度,为无人区的人工增水作业和天气气候研究提供了基础数据。与以往的卫星观测云气候全球数据集相比,该资料具有更高的空间分辨率,且其观测仪器和云反演方法得到了进一步改善,因此其结果较以往更可信。研究结果表明,两地区云参量年变化规律不尽相同,在数值上有很大差别。除了动力条件和气候背景以外,这可能与沙尘气溶胶可以影响云的物理特性和生命期有关。由年变化来看,天山山区的月平均总云量为47%~72%,而塔克拉玛干沙漠为12%~50%;天山山区低云的月平均液态水柱含量为56.6~96.0 g/cm2,高云为30.5~59.8 g/cm2。而塔克拉玛干沙漠低云的月平均液态水柱含量为19.4~43.9 g/cm2,高云为9.3~59.0 g/cm2;天山山区的月平均云滴半径低云为12.6~16.0μm,高云为8.6~14.8μm。而塔克拉玛干沙漠地区低云云滴半径8.8~...     

过套管电阻率测井仪器的径向探测特性

为研究过套管电阻率测井仪器的径向探测特性,本文给出了反映地层径向介质变化的几何因子.利用过套管电阻率测井的传输线方程实现了电阻率测井几何因子的数值计算,针对Schlumberger公司的CHFR测井仪和俄罗斯的ЭКОС-31-7测井仪分别计算了几何因子响应曲线,通过曲线分析发现：两种测井仪对低侵剖面（有低阻流体侵入）均有较大的探测半径,但随侵入流体电阻的增大（高侵剖面）仪器的径向探测半径在减小,本文的研究为地层电阻率测井解释和仪器径向探测特性分析提供了理论依据.     

Effect of mineral reactions on the hydraulic properties of unsaturated soils: Model development and application

The selective radius shift model was used to relate changes in mineral volume due to precipitation/dissolution reactions to changes in hydraulic properties affecting flow in porous media. The model accounts for (i) precipitation/dissolution taking place only in the water-filled part of the pore space and further that (ii) the amount of mineral precipitation/dissolution within a pore depends on the local pore volume. The pore bundle concept was used to connect pore-scale changes to macroscopic soil hydraulic properties. Precipitation/dissolution induces changes in the pore radii of water-filled pores and, consequently, in the effective porosity. In a time step of the numerical model, mineral reactions lead to a discontinuous pore-size distribution because only the water-filled pores are affected. The pore-size distribution is converted back to a soil moisture characteristic function to which a new water retention curve is fitted under physically plausible constraints. The model equations were derived for the commonly used van Genuchten/Mualem hydraulic properties. Together with a mixed-form solution of Richards’ equation for aqueous phase flow, the model was implemented into the geochemical modelling framework PHREEQC, thereby making available PHREEQC’s comprehensive geochemical reactions. Example applications include kinetic halite dissolution and calcite precipitation as a consequence of cation exchange. These applications showed marked changes in the soil’s hydraulic properties due to mineral precipitation/dissolution and the dependency of these changes on water contents. The simulations also revealed the strong influence of the degree of saturation on the development of the saturated hydraulic conductivity through its quadratic dependency on the van Genuchten parameter α. Furthermore, it was shown that the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity at fixed reduced water content can even increase during precipitation due to changes in the pore-size distribution.     

2003年新疆巴楚-伽师地震序列的双差法重新定位研究

将近台记录和区域台网数据联合用于双差地震定位算法,对2003年新疆巴楚-伽师MS68强震后404个ML≥35余震序列进行双差法重新精确定位,并对其进行了理论上的可行性分析. 精定位后定位结果与传统定位方法的原始定位结果进行比较发现：（1）精定位后震中分布图像更加集中,与当地的烈度考察和震源机制解结果更加协调;（2）震源深度优势分布集中在15～25km以内,与当地存在深度为10km以上低速沉积层的地质构造情况相一致;（3）精定位后定位残差由原来的394s降为024s,水平向估算误差平均可控制在11km以内,垂直向估算误差平均可控制在24km.     

非平稳时间序列的动态水位神经网络预报模型

水文预报系统是一个复杂的非线性动力学过程,站点水位受各种因素的影响不仅呈现出非平稳动态随机变化特性,而且各因素间的关系也很难确定。淮河流域五河站水位由于受到洪泽湖回水影响及季节性的影响,也呈现出这一动力学的非平稳特性,因此本文在考虑了相关站点和回水影响的基础上,建立了一种多站变量时间序列的神经网络预报模型,预报结果表明该方法预测效果较好,运行简单。     

Holocene development of the River Lippe valley,Germany: a case study of anthropogenic influence

The characteristics of the Holocene valley floor of the River Lippe, Germany, are atypical for a river in central Europe. The valley floor consists of three terrace levels, which are not always clearly separated from each other. Analysis of the sediments making up the terraces indicates that they accumulated during the course of the entire Holocene, although there is insufficient information available to allow detailed determination of phases of fluvial change and stability responsible for terrace formation. Two of the terraces exist only in the lower reaches of the valley, where they converge and diverge with the third. The lowest terrace consists only of a narrow strip, running parallel to the river channel. The configuration of the valley floor may be explained by a series of anthropogenic influences. The earliest human impact probably occurred about 2000 years ago when, during their campaign against German tribes, the Romans built a towpath and may have changed the channel planform from its natural, anabranching pattern to a meandering form by building small dams on local distributary forks. Implementation of artificial meander cut‐offs to improve navigation on the river began in medieval times. The morphological response to these human interventions was primarily degradational. In the 19th century, artificial lateral fill was used to narrow the channel and the towpath was renewed several times. The trace of the most recent towpath is still discernible as a narrow strip parallel to the river channel, and it constitutes the lowest terrace level. Comparison between the bankfull discharge of a 4000‐year‐old abandoned channel and the formative flow for the modern channel supports the premise that, prior to anthropomorphic influence, the natural planform was anabranched. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

马16井开采对马17井水动态观测的影响

为了验证平原地区深井水动态观测受环境条件影响的情况,我们选择了河北省河间地区马17地震观测井和马16地热开发井进行对比观测,试图探讨马16井开采对马17井水动态观测的影响。结果表明马17井的动水位年变化是气压干扰所致,与马16井采水无明显关系。马16井冬季开采热水对马17井动水位观测无明显影响。     

盐酸、温度、时间及粒径对海洋沉积物碳酸盐去除的影响

通过南海北部表层沉积物相同体积不同盐酸浓度(0.1和1.0 mol.L-1)、不同温度(23和60℃)、不同时间(6、12和24h)和不同颗粒粒径样品(<160μm和<32μm)的交叉条件实验,利用各条件实验后样品的总碳含量及稳定碳同位素组成分析结果,研究了盐酸、温度、时间及颗粒粒径对碳酸盐去除的影响。结果表明,从提高沉积物碳酸盐盐酸酸解反应速率和效率及获取稳定可靠的TOC、δ13C有机质等参数的角度出发:(1)盐酸用量及浓度是最重要的影响因素;(2)升高反应温度是不必要的,升高反应温度既会抑制反应的进行,又会导致盐酸浓度下降并加速有机质分解,从而对沉积物总有机碳含量及其δ13C等的准确分析产生不利影响;(3)在1.0 mol.L-1盐酸过量的条件下,碳酸盐的大量分解在6h之前已基本完成;(4)颗粒粒径愈小,愈有利于样品的均匀混合及反应的进行,相应的分析结果离散度亦愈小。