南秦岭古生代热水沉积盆地与热水沉积成矿

扬子地块北部被动边缘的南秦岭古生代沉积盆地中,发育一套自早古生代—中生代以来的碳酸盐岩夹细碎屑岩沉积建造,形成规模巨大独具特色的以铅锌金为主的多金属成矿带。伸展构造体制下形成的裂陷或断陷型盆地中,正常水成沉积与热水沉积同盆共存。正常水成沉积中叠加的热水沉积是一个"突发事件或灾变事件",具有特殊的物质组成和产态。通过对区内沉积成矿盆地的识别、分级,二级沉积盆地中边缘部位常发育多个三级构造热水沉积成矿盆地,它受控于沉积盆地中的同生断裂,具有沉积岩相、热水沉积岩组合、显著成矿作用及物化探异常广布的特点。三级构造热水沉积成矿盆地是矿床定位的构造空间,四级热水沉积洼地为矿体(矿层)的容纳空间。区内热水沉积岩主要为重晶石(毒重石)岩、硅质岩、钠长石岩和铁碳酸盐岩类,铅锌重晶石等矿产多产于热水沉积岩中或上盘。热水沉积形成一般由早期的热水喷发交代→主期热水喷流→晚期热水喷气演变。早期的热水喷发交代往往沿矿液喷发通道,形成网脉状、角砾状矿化;主期热水喷流主要形成多金属及热水喷流相,形成块状、条带状、层纹状矿石或热水沉积岩;晚期热水喷气主要形成浸染状矿石和热水喷气岩石。     

地质流体及成矿作用研究综述

地质流体是一定地质作用的产物，而矿床的形成过程与特定地质构造背景下地质流体的产生、运移和聚集有着密切联系。不同成矿流体的成矿机制各有差异。岩浆热液因温度降低、压力减小等因素使热液中成矿物质达到过饱和，从而产生矿质沉淀；沉积盆地含矿热卤水流体在热对流、沉积压实等作用下运移、充填、聚集；与海底基性火山活动有关的现代大洋海底热液形成硫化物矿床；地幔流体的碱交代作用形成大型一超大型中高温热液矿床。在具体的成矿过程中，各种构造环境又对流体中的成矿元素的分配、集中起到至关重要的控制作用。     

Three–Dimensional Isotopic Characteristics of Crystalline Limestone around the Sakonishi Zn Ore Bodies in the Kamioka Mining District, Japan

Abstract: Predominant Zn-rich ore bodies were found to a deep part of the Sakonishi area in the Kamioka mining district, Japan. The ore mineralization was recognized at 230 to 300m above sea level in the Sakonishi area. Since crystalline limestone is broadly distributed over the area, and the variation in isotopic composition is easily detected, the isotopic prospecting should be powerful in surveying of the extent of the ore bodies and the related hydrothermal system. Although isotopic anomalies have been extracted two-dimensionally so far, three-dimensional information is possibly more powerful. In this paper, Zn-rich ore bodies in the Sakonishi area are treated as hydrothermal ore deposits, and the importance of the activity of hydrothermal fluids during mineralization is emphasized. Oxygen and carbon isotopic ‘iso–surfaces’ are three-dimensionally calculated for the Sakonishi area. The δ¹⁸O values of crystalline limestone from the surface and from the drill holes range from +8. 1 to +21. 1% and from –2. 7 to +20. 4%, respectively. The δ¹³C values of crystalline limestone from the surface and from the drill holes range from –1. 0 to +5. 3% and from –7. 7 to +4. 6%, respectively. The oxygen and carbon iso-topic ratios at the mineralization level are extremely low, but there are exceptions as to carbon isotopes. The oxygen isotopic ratios of crystalline limestone may decrease by isotopic exchange reaction with a hydrothermal fluid, while the carbon isotopic ratios slightly change. Since the precipitated calcite from a hydrothermal fluid has low carbon isotopic ratio and various oxygen isotopic ratio depending on the formation temperature, the bulk sample of crystalline limestone containing the precipitated calcite has oxygen and carbon isotopic ratios of relatively low values accordingly. Thus the decrease mechanism for carbon isotopic ratio of crystalline limestone is different from that for oxygen isotopic ratio. Samples with the carbon isotopic ratio of –4 to –8% are considered to be crystallized from hydrothermal fluids. Since the oxygen and carbon isotopic ratios of crystalline limestone at the ore mineralization level are low, the ore bodies are considered to have formed by a prominent hydrothermal activity. Thus oxygen and carbon isotopic ratios of crystalline limestone can be used as an indicator of the related hydrothermal activity. The alteration such as chloritization is intense near fractures in the Sakonishi area, showing that the hydrothermal system is controlled by a fracture system. It is assumed that the decreased isotopic ratios indicate the high degree of reactivity with hydrothermal fluids, and the depleted zone in oxygen and carbon isotopes may correspond to the conduit of the hydrothermal fluids.     

狼山热水沉积型铜多金属矿床的稀土与铅同位素地球化学特征

矿石的中稀土亏损与热水沉积岩类中稀土富集恰成互补,说明两者是同一热水系统演化过程中不同阶段的产物。南带矿石铅具混合铅特征,其两种不同时期正常铅年龄正与北带基底形成年龄和成矿时代相对应,反映成矿物质来源于下伏沉积柱和古老基底。     

冲绳海槽岩浆活动研究进展及思考

冲绳海槽以其特有的构造地质环境吸引着众多地质学者的关注。针对冲绳海槽地区岩浆作用过程的研究是其中的核心内容之一。本文综述了近年来冲绳海槽岩浆源区物质特征、岩浆形成演化过程及其控制机制等方面研究取得的主要成果,并在此基础上指出了目前冲绳海槽岩浆活动研究工作中存在的科学问题,提出利用铀系不平衡方法研究冲绳海槽岩浆活动的新思路,同时探讨了今后一段时间内的研究方向应该集中在以下四个方面: ①菲律宾板块俯冲的脱水过程对冲绳海槽岩浆活动的作用;②俯冲过程中深海沉积物对冲绳海槽岩浆的贡献;③冲绳海槽岩浆熔融的控制因素;④冲绳海槽火山活动和海底热液活动的成因关系。     

Detecting the flow relationships between deep and shallow aquifers in an exploited groundwater system,using long‐term monitoring data and quantitative hydrogeology: the Acque Albule basin case (Rome,Italy)

Five years of hydrogeological monitoring and field activities performed in the complex hydrogeological system of the Acque Albule basin (AAB) were conducted to define the hydrogeological setting, the relationship between deep and shallow aquifers and a conceptual groundwater flow model of this exploited area using conventional quantitative techniques. The basin, which is located close to Rome (Italy) on the west side of the Apennine chain and just north of the Colli Albani volcano, subsided after development of a north–south fault system (about 115 000 y bp). The AAB experiences intense hydrothermal activity, which has produced a large travertine deposit (80‐m thick). The travertine deposit constitutes a fractured aquifer that is the final destination of more than 5 m³ s^‐1 of water and is strongly dewatered by quarry activities. The complex hydrogeology of this basin was investigated, revealing two main hydraulically connected aquifers, one thermalised and partly confined into the limestone bedrock and one unconfined in the travertine. The two aquifers are separated by a non‐continuous clayey aquiclude. The hydrogeological survey and geological characterisation contributed to the development of the groundwater flow conceptual model. Analysis and comparison of the monitored levels highlighted the pattern of flow between the deep and shallow parts of the flow system. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

藏东根多铀矿点元素地球化学特征

通过对藏东根多铀矿点的岩(矿)石进行化学组分、微量元素及稀土元素分析,笔者认为该矿点的砂岩、细晶岩矿化具有相同的成因和相同的热液来源,为典型的与碳酸盐化关系密切的热液型铀矿化.成因分析表明,铀矿化是侏罗纪早期(燕山早期)岩浆活动的产物,其物质来源于大陆上地壳,热液主要是大气降水形成的热水溶液.     

广西贵港市龙头山火山—次火山岩型金矿床地质特征

本文根据“七五”项目:《广西贵港市龙头山金矿床地质特征及找矿方向》的研究成果基础上撰写而成。文中侧重地论述了火山机构与矿床特征,并探讨了矿床成困。研究认为:矿床构造是一个晚中生代的残存火山颈机构。在其管道内的隐爆角砾岩、火山角砾岩、角砾熔岩、流纹斑岩和花岗斑岩等岩相带以及中酸性脉岩相,均属贫硅、富钾钙碱性系列的铝过饱和类岩石,是一套陆相中心式火山—次火山喷发—侵入岩系,属同源不同阶段的产物;该矿床金矿体受火山颈机构内的角砾状岩石及其内外接触带的断裂构造控制,多呈直立脉状,具有火山岩型与断裂充填型两类金矿化;成矿物质与流体主要源于火山岩浆喷气、热液,应属火山—次火山岩热液型金矿床。     

新疆白杨河铀矿床钻孔岩芯蚀变分带特征及地质意义

钻孔岩芯高光谱技术是获取岩芯地学信息与研究的新方向。新疆白杨河铀矿床钻孔岩芯蚀变发育,对其开展蚀变研究有助于对白杨河矿床深部铀矿勘探提出更好的找矿认识。本次研究利用Field Spec4可见光-短波红外地面非成像光谱仪对新疆白杨河铀矿床8个钻孔进行光谱测试与分析,研究发现钻孔岩芯热液蚀变矿物组合垂向上具有明显的"上低下高中过渡"的三分带特征:即上部为低铝绢云母+少量赤铁矿与少量褐铁矿+少量蒙脱石,中部为中铝绢云母+低铝绢云母+少量蒙脱石+少量碳酸盐、赤铁矿与褐铁矿,下部为高铝绢云母+绿泥石+碳酸盐;绢云母Al-OH吸收峰位置变化规律反映出矿床的热液活动具有深部相对高温、高压、偏酸性,浅部相对低温、低压、偏碱性的特征。蚀变三分带特征以及热液活动特征表明白杨河铀矿床具有明显的热液成矿背景,同时,铀矿化总体处于3分带特征中的中部以中铝绢云母为主的蚀变带与下部以高铝绢云母为主的蚀变带之间的过渡带中,该过渡带是铀成矿的有利部位,同时也是可能的热液/矿化中心;过渡带中发育赤铁矿,中铝绢云母和高铝绢云母,此3种蚀变矿物可能与铀成矿关系密切。这些可以为白杨河铀矿床深部铀矿勘探提供借鉴与参考。     

广东省博罗县横河钠长石矿构造岩浆演化及成矿机理

通过对广东省博罗县横河超大型钠长石矿床、锡铌钽矿化带和金矿化带野外勘查和室内微观分析,发现岩浆随着构造演化而分异自交代成矿的特殊新颖现象。研究表明该矿区在不同的构造旋回中构造应力场的主压应力方向不同,持续构造压应力作用下发生不同构造序次,岩浆也随构造应力场的演化而分异。燕山构造旋回控制的早期第三阶段岩浆,结晶分异和气液分异导致强烈岩浆自交代形成超大型钠长石矿床;燕山构造旋回控制的晚期岩浆,随着构造演化产生云英岩化、石榴子石化等岩浆自交代而锡铌钽矿物结晶富集成矿;燕山构造旋回最晚期的北北西向、北北东向、北西向断裂,控制岩浆热液期的金矿化带。即本矿区经构造岩浆演化分异,发生岩浆自交代至热液蚀变演化系列成矿机理。