Formation Process of Zircon Associated with REE‐Fluorocarbonate and Niobium Minerals in the Nechalacho REE Deposit,Thor Lake,Canada

The two drill holes, which penetrated sub‐horizontal rare earth element (REE) ore units at the Nechalacho REE in the Proterozoic Thor Lake syenite, Canada, were studied in order to clarify the enrichment mechanism of the high‐field‐strength elements (HFSE: Zr, Nb and REE). The REE ore units occur in the albitized and potassic altered miaskitic syenite. Zircon is the most common REE mineral in the REE ore units, and is divided into five types as follows: Type‐1 zircon occurs as discrete grains in phlogopite, and has a chemical character similar to igneous zircon. Type‐2 zircon consists of a porous HREE‐rich core and LREE–Nb–F‐rich rim. Enrichment of F in the rim of type‐2 zircon suggests that F was related to the enrichment of HFSE. The core of type‐2 zircon is regarded to be magmatic and the rim to be hydrothermal in origin. Type‐3 zircon is characterized by euhedral to anhedral crystals, which occur in a complex intergrowth with REE fluorocarbonates. Type‐3 zircon has high REE, Nb and F contents. Type‐4 zircon consists of porous‐core and ‐rim, but their chemical compositions are similar to each other. This zircon is a subhedral crystal rimmed by fergusonite. Type‐5 zircon is characterized by smaller, porous and subhedral to anhedral crystals. The interstices between small zircon grains are filled by fergusonite. Type‐4 and type‐5 zircon grains have low REE, Nb and F contents. Type‐1 zircon is only included in one unit, which is less hydrothermally altered and mineralized. Type‐2 and type‐3 zircon grains mainly occur in the shallow units, while those of type‐4 and type‐5 are found in the deep units. The deep units have high HFSE contents and strongly altered mineral textures (type‐4 and type‐5) compared to the shallow units. Occurrences of these five types of zircon are different according to the depth and degree of the hydrothermal alteration by solutions rich in F and CO₃, which permit a model for the evolution of the zircon crystallization in the Nechalacho REE deposit as follows: (i) type‐1 (discrete magmatic zircon) is formed in miaskitic syenite. (ii) LREE–Nb–F‐rich hydrothermal zircon formed around HREE‐rich magmatic zircon (type‐2). (iii) type‐3 zircon crystallized through the F and CO₃‐rich hydrothermal alteration of type‐2 zircon which formed the complex intergrowth with REE fluorocarbonates; (iv) the CO₃‐rich hydrothermal fluid corroded type‐3, forming REE–Nb‐poor zircon (type‐4). Niobium and REE were no longer stable in the zircon structure and crystallized as fergusonite around the REE–Nb‐leached zircon (type‐4); (v) type‐5 zircon is formed by the more CO₃‐rich hydrothermal alteration of type‐4 zircon, suggested by the fact that type‐4 and type‐5 zircon grains are often included in ankerite. Type‐3 to type‐5 zircon grains at the Nechalacho REE deposit were continuously formed by leaching and/or dissolution of type‐2 zircon in the presence of F‐ and/or CO₃‐rich hydrothermal fluid. These mineral associations indicate that three representative hydrothermal stages were present and related to HFSE enrichment in the Nechalacho REE deposit: (i) F‐rich hydrothermal stage caused the crystallization of REE–Nb‐rich zircon (type‐2 rim and type‐3), with abundant formation of phlogopite and fluorite; (ii) F‐ and CO₃‐rich hydrothermal stage led to the replacement of a part of REE–Nb–F‐rich zircon by REE fluorocarbonate; and (iii) CO₃‐rich hydrothermal stage resulted in crystallization of the REE–Nb–F‐poor zircon and fergusonite, with ankerite. REE and Nb in hydrothermal fluid at the Nechalacho REE deposit were finally concentrated into fergusonite by way of REE–Nb–F‐rich zircon in the hydrothermally altered units.     

相山邹家山铀矿区某钻孔岩心高光谱蚀变矿物特征及地质意义

文章基于高光谱蚀变矿物提取方法,利用邹家山地区某钻孔岩心的高光谱数据进行蚀变矿物提取和编录,提取的蚀变矿物主要有富铝水云母、贫铝水云母、绿泥石、蒙脱石、碳酸盐、地开石、高岭石。其中水云母化、绿泥石化、赤铁矿化与铀矿化密切相关;富铝水云母在钻孔上部含量多而下部含量减少;贫铝水云母在钻孔上部含量少,而在下部尤其是矿化段含量明显增多,不同蚀变矿物分布形态不同且不同部位蚀变矿物组合不同,反映了矿区经历了不同期次和性质的热液活动。     

Geology and Genesis of Barite Deposits of Lasbela and Khuzdar Districts, Balochistan, Pakistan

Abstract: Geology and genesis of the sediment-hosted barite deposits in the Lasbela and Khuzdar districts of Balochistan, Pakistan have been studied and described. Hot solutions generated in rifting environments during the initial stage of separation of the continental crustal block related to the Gondwanaland fragmentation subsequently reposed in Jurassic rocks, most probably played an important role on barite formation.
Paragenetic relationships indicate that the period of barite mineralization was distinctly later than that of zinc-lead sulphide mineralization in the Lasbela and Khuzdar districts. The barite deposits occur on top and in peripheral to the zinc-lead sulphides. The earliest barite mineralization took place in the clastic rock sequence of the lower Spingwar Formation as cross cutting veins. Younger mineralization as stratabound-replacement type occurred within the platform limestones of Loralai Formation, just above the Spingwar Formation. The youngest mineralization as stratiform is hosted within black shales, mudstones and argillaceous limestones of Anjira Formation at the top of Loralai Formation. In the light of the evidences gathered from field and laboratory investigations a genetic model has been deduced.     

Negative Ce Anomaly in the Indian Banded Iron Formations: Evidence for the Emergence of Oxygenated Deep-Sea at 2.9-2.7 Ga

Abstract: Major and rare earth element contents are reported for Late Archean banded iron formations (BIFs) in the Bababudan Group of the Dharwar Craton, South India. The BIFs are mostly composed of SiO₂ (average1ρ = 54.88.1 wt%) and Fe₂O₃* (44.38.2 wt%). The Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ contents are remarkably low, suggesting that detrital components were starved during the BIF deposition. The BIFs have a LREE-enriched pattern with a relatively high (La/Yb)_N (6.644.07). Total REE concentrations (RE) vary from 5.2 to 65.3 ppm. The REE patterns are characterized by the presence of a very large negative Ce anomaly (Ce/Ce*: 0.13-0.83) and a positive Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu*: 0.96-2.45). The Eu/Eu* decreases and (La/Yb)_N increases with a increase of RE. These correlations of REE indices are similar to those of modern hydrothermal iron-rich sediments near a mid-ocean ridge (MOR). Greenstones associated with the BIFs have MORB-like geochemical features. These geochemical and geological lines of evidence indicate that the depositional site of the BIFs was remote from a continent and/or island arc and that the BIFs were in situ hydrothermal sediments near a MOR. A striking negative Ce anomaly in the BIFs indicates that oxygenated deep-sea environments emerged at 2.9-2.7 Ga. The existence of contemporaneous Mn deposits in the Dharwar Craton supports this assertion. Our scenario of oxygen in the Earth's surface of the Late Archean is different from long-held notion that the atmosphere and ocean were persistently anoxic throughout the Archean.     

三家厂铜矿地质地球化学及找矿

易门三家石铜矿位于云南易门铜矿带西部,按产状、矿物组合及成矿作用可分为狮山式和凤山式矿床。矿床地质、地球化学研究结果表明,三家厂铜矿狮山式矿床是沉积岩容矿的海底喷流热水沉积硫化物矿床;凤山式矿床是狮山式矿床经后期构造和热液改造的产物。     

河南卢氏—栾川地区铅锌矿成矿多样性分析及成矿预测

河南省卢氏-栾川地区位于华北陆块南缘与秦岭造山带的衔接部位,是中国重要的钼、钨、铅、锌多金属成矿区。通过控矿地质条件与成矿环境多样性分析,将研究区铅锌矿划分为3种成因类型:岩浆热液交代型铅锌矿床、MVT型铅锌矿床和SEDEX型铅锌矿床。在此基础上,利用“成矿专属性”和“成矿多样性”相结合的找矿思路,对矿区不同类型矿床成矿进行远景评价,指出具有良好的找矿前景。     

辽宁岫岩中沟地区不整合关联型铀矿地质特征及成因探讨

辽宁岫岩中沟地区位于华北克拉通北缘东段,辽吉古元古代裂谷带的南段,处于营口－凤城－长甸铀矿构造成矿亚带内.中沟地区古生界挫草沟组与古元古界里尔峪组间古风化壳发育,铀矿化分布于古生界与古元古界不整合接触面附近,与切割不整合面的断裂构造关系密切.矿化与黏土化、硅化等低温热液蚀变关系密切.古风化壳及其附近岩石含U较高,特征元素组合相关性较好,发现有高品位的铀及多金属矿体存在.其主要成矿期有：不整合面发育期、主要造陆期及断块运动期.在初步总结分析中沟地区铀矿地质特征的基础上,认为中沟地区具有形成不整合关联型铀及多金属矿良好的成矿条件和找矿前景.     

冲绳海槽Jade热液活动区块状硫化物的铅同位素组成及其地质意义

新测行Ｊａｄｅ热液活动区中５件块状硫化物样品的铅同位素组成,具有较小的变化范围,表现出较均一的铅同位素组成特征。在Ｐｂ－Ｐｂ图解上,块状硫化物的铅同位素数据构成线形排列,与该区沉积物和蚀变火山岩的铅同位素组成一致,而与该区新鲜火山岩相比具较高的放射成因铅,证实了该区海底块状硫化物中的铅是由沉积物长英质火山岩来源铅共同构成的混合铅。不同热液活动区铅同位素组成对比研究表明,地质－构造环境的不同是导致各     

河南冷水北沟铅锌矿地质地球化学特征及成因探讨

冷水北沟铅锌矿床赋存于元古界栾川群和管道口群内,矿体受断裂破碎带及矽卡岩带的控制。矿石类型可分为热液脉型和矽卡岩型,矿体围岩蚀变强烈。根据矿床地质-地球化学特征,结合矿石的矿物共生组合、铅和硫同位素组成及成矿年龄、包裹体成分及特征,认为该矿床的矿源为岩浆岩,成矿溶液主要来自岩浆水和大气降水的混合溶液,矿床成因类型属中高温条件下形成的热液脉型-矽卡岩型矿床。     

湘西北寒武系沉积型镍钼矿成矿物质来源

湘西北寒武系含矿丰富,在寒武系下统牛蹄塘组黑色岩系中赋存有磷矿、石煤、钒矿、铀矿,并有有色金属钼、镍矿及铂族元素矿物聚集。通过分析总结前人成果资料,探究镍钼矿成矿地质环境条件是在低温环境、有微生物参与及强还原环境中同生沉积,对寒武系沉积型镍钼矿成矿物质来源提出了明确的看法,即成矿物质来源于海底喷流-热水。