华南晚古生代礁硅岩套的组成和分类及地质涵义

礁硅岩套是一种重要的含矿岩石组合,它是由生物礁相碳酸盐岩、热水沉积岩（矿）、细碎屑岩和泥灰岩、同怪位或相邻地区地层中的火山质岩或潜火山岩,以较为固定的时空有序的状态组合而成。根据生物礁的形成环境和热水沉积作用的产出方式,礁硅岩套可分为盆地型、台地型和过渡型三类。它是在特征地质背景下,在盆地演化的一定阶段内,由盆地正常沉积作物、盆地中的生物作用、盆下源的热水沉积作用和岩石圈深部岩浆作用综合形成的产物     

内蒙古扎拉格阿木铜矿成矿流体与成矿机制

扎拉格阿木铜矿床位于锡林浩特地块北部边缘,矿体赋存于二叠纪砂质板岩和角砾岩中,受NE向断裂控制,为中温热液脉型铜矿床。本文通过流体包裹体和C?H?O?S?Pb同位素地球化学研究手段,来探讨扎拉格阿木铜矿成矿机制。成矿热液期存在5个成矿阶段：钾长石阶段、石英?绢云母阶段、石英?黄铁矿阶段、石英?多金属硫化物阶段、石英?方解石阶段。其中石英?多金属硫化物阶段为主成矿阶段,本阶段主要发育富液相、富气相、含子矿物包裹体;富液相包裹体均一温度与盐度分别为：138～289℃和2.06%～16.11% NaCl eqv;含子矿物包裹体均一温度与盐度分别为：320～374℃和32.68%～39.81% NaCl eqv,包裹体气体成分除少量CO2以外,均为H2O。H?O同位素分析表现为,石英中的〖δO〗^18值变化范围－8.5‰～7.5‰,流体的δD值变化范围为－116‰～－98‰,暗示早阶段成矿流体主要为岩浆热液,晚期伴有大气降水混入。C?O同位素分析表明,δ13C值为-6.9‰~ -10.1‰,δ18OSMOW介于2.5‰~11.7‰,在δ18O?δ13C 图上数据点落在岩浆水与大气水的中间区域。矿石硫化物的δ34S值介于-4.5‰~1.5‰,指示具有幔源岩浆硫的特征。矿石硫化物Pb同位素的208Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和206Pb/204Pb比值分别为38.034~38.609、15.497~15.655和18.141~18.446,推测Pb具有地幔来源的特点并伴有地壳或造山带Pb混入。成矿过程中伴随着流体沸腾作用,成矿物质沉淀受早期形成的岩浆热液与后加入大气降水混合的影响。     

河南省内乡县银洞沟银金多金属矿成矿年龄: 热液锆石LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb测年

北秦岭构造带广泛发育与古生代洋壳俯冲和碰撞造山有关的岩浆活动以及与造山过程有关的变质作用,但古生代热液脉型矿床在北秦岭构造带少见报道。银洞沟银金多金属矿为北秦岭构造带东部的一处中型热液脉型矿床,本文通过对该矿床赋矿围岩和含矿石英脉中锆石开展LA- MC- ICP- MS U- Pb测年和锆石成因研究,确定了矿床的形成时代,并探讨了矿床的成矿动力学背景。结果表明赋矿围岩黑云母二长花岗岩的形成时代为431. 4±2. 1 Ma,含矿石英脉中锆石结晶年龄为419. 4±5. 9 Ma,石英脉中锆石的岩相学、锆石中矿物和流体包裹体及锆石微量元素研究表明419. 4 Ma代表矿床的形成时代。结合前人的研究结果,确定银洞沟银金多金属矿为形成于晚志留世的造山型矿床,成矿作用与碰撞期后～420 Ma的变质作用密切相关,成矿流体来源于地层的变质脱水,成矿物质主要来源于秦岭岩群和二郎坪群。     

俄罗斯水热法合成祖母绿的宝石学特征研究

俄罗斯水热法合成祖母绿是珠宝界较关注的产品。选用5粒俄罗斯水热法合成祖母绿样品进行了常规宝石学特征测试、电子探针成分分析、红外吸收光谱和紫外-可见吸收光谱测定。结果表明,俄罗斯水热法合成祖母绿样品以低碱、富Fe与Cr为特征,折射率和相对密度明显偏高,红外吸收光谱特征峰出现在4052cm叫附近;俄罗斯水热法合成祖母绿样品的致色元素为Cr与Fe。同时,对比分析了俄罗斯、桂林水热法合成祖母绿样品和天然祖母绿样品的宝石学特征。     

南秦岭千家坪钒矿床地质地球化学特征与钒的富集规律

千家坪钒矿床产于南秦岭下寒武统水沟口组(缀1sh)黑色岩系中,该黑色岩系由黑色含炭硅质岩、含炭硅质岩夹泥岩和泥岩等组成。钒矿体呈层状产出,矿石以黑色硅质岩夹泥岩型为主,含钒矿物主要为钒云母。黑色岩系岩石主要成分为SiO2、Al2O3、K2O等,富集TFe、Ba、Zn、P、Cu、Ni、Cr、Sr、Zr、Ag、Ti、Mn、V等多种元素。黑色岩系n(V)/n(Cr)=5.92～30.64、n(V)/n(V+Ni)=0.88～0.99、δU1,判断其为缺氧沉积环境。黑色硅质岩n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)=238.81,U/Th1以及δ30Si=-0.1‰～0.5‰、δ18O=20.2‰～25.8‰,判断其为半深海滞留沉积盆地热水沉积成因。泥岩n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)=5.69,n(Al)/n(Al+Fe+Mn)=0.63,n(Si)/n(Si+Al+Fe)=0.74～0.76判断其物源为陆源,但受到热水作用影响。钒矿化受下寒武世古隆起边缘断陷滞留盆地中形成的黑色岩系层位所控制。钒明显趋向在炭硅质岩所夹的泥岩或硅质岩附近的泥岩中富集,在炭硅质岩夹泥岩段向泥岩段过渡层位,常常含结核,钒元素含量达到峰值,其他Cu、Pb、Zn、As、W、Mo等元素富集规律与V元素基本一致。该矿床成矿物质主要来源于深部热水,泥岩的吸附作用对钒的富集具有重要作用。综合地质、地球化学特征,认为该矿床为热水喷流沉积成因。     

塔里木盆地东部地区寒武系-奥陶系白云岩特征及成因

通过对塔东低凸起带寒武系-奥陶系白云岩的岩石学特征、碳氧同位素特征、锶同位素比值特征、有序度等的分析,认为塔东地区带寒武系-奥陶系准同生阶段的泥-粉晶白云岩由受潮汐作用的海水泵汲作用形成;成岩阶段的细-中晶白云岩、粗-巨晶白云岩是在埋藏成岩环境中经过调整白云岩化以及成岩后期的外来热液作用引起的埋藏热液白云岩化作用形成。     

Application of Chlorite Geothermometry to Hydrothermal Alteration in Toyoha Geothermal System, Southwestern Hokkaido, Japan

In this study, we applied chemical geothermometers to the estimation of formation temperatures of chlorites from various types of hydrothermally altered rocks in the Toyoha geothermal field, using core samples from six drill holes (TH-2 to TH-7) together with wasted ore samples from Toyoha vein-type ore deposit. Based on the preliminary examination of mineral assemblages by X-ray powder diffraction and optical microscopy, hydrothermal alteration observed through the drill holes was classified into four types of alteration zones: propylitic, mixed-layer minerals, kaolin minerals, and ore mineralized zones. The mineral assemblage of the ore mineralized zone observed through TH-2, TH-4, and TH-6 is similar to those of Toyoha ore veins reported previously. The Fe³⁺/ΣFe ratios of chlorites were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), in addition to the usual microprobe analyses. The ratios ranged from 0.20–0.26 for chlorites from the propylitic alteration zone and from 0.13 to 0.17 for those from the ore mineralized zone associated with sulfide minerals. After correcting the Fe³⁺ contents in the octahedral sites of chlorite structures, we obtained acceptable temperatures of the chlorite formation by application of geothermometers, for instance, a similar range of 150–300°C for chlorites from either the propylitic zone or the ore mineralized zone developed through TH-2, TH-4, and TH-6. Chlorites from the ore mineralized zone proximal to the Toyoha deposit are characterized by high Fe and Mn contents compared to the propylitic chlorites, which is similar to the Toyoha vein-filling chlorites; the formation temperatures were close to both the homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions and the present subsurface temperatures measured through drill holes. Chlorites from the Toyoha ore veins, however, gave slightly higher formation temperatures (180–350°C) than those of chlorites from the ore mineralized zone in the drill cores. This suggests that several types of hydrothermal alteration occurred at different stages in the Toyoha geothermal field and the composition of product chlorite was controlled not only by the temperature but also the composition of fluid related to the formation. Reliable estimation of temperature for the chlorite formation provides basic information on evaluating correctly other physicochemical conditions prevalent at the formation.     

Hydrothermal Alteration Related to Silver Mineralization at the Iwami Silver Deposit,Shimane Prefecture,Japan

The Iwami epithermal silver deposit consists of Ag-Cu veins in a dacitic intrusive body at the deep portion of the Eikyu area, and veinlets with disseminated Ag mineralization in dacitic tuff breccia at a shallow portion of the Fukuishi area. Hydrothermal alteration associated with the silver mineralization is characterized by intense potassium metasomatism with oxidizing conditions. An illite zone occurs around the pathways of uprising fluids in both the Eikyu and Fukuishi areas. It grades laterally into the illite/smectite zone, which is surrounded by a broad smectite zone. Because of boiling, abundant adularia associated with silver mineralization overlaps on the altered tuff breccia in the Fukuishi area. The alteration zoning suggests that the western Eikyu area and the eastern Fukuishi area belong to a single hydrothermal system. The data of fluid inclusion microthermometry indicate that the temperatures range 220–270°C, and salinities range 5–7 wt percent NaCl equivalent for the silver mineralization at the upper portion in the Eikyu area and the lower portion in the Fukuishi area. Radiometric ages for volcanic rocks in the area range from 2.19 to 1.64 Ma, and the dacitic intrusion formed at approximately 1.6 Ma. The silver-dominant mineralizing hydrothermal fluids system was active around 1.44 to 1.07 Ma, which formed the Eikyu Ag-Cu veins at depth, and the Fukuishi Ag ores at the shallower portion.     

山东福吉山铜矿构造控矿因素分析

福吉山铜矿成矿地质特点不同于山东已有的铜矿类型,属于构造热液成因类型。近SN向的平移断裂同时具有张扭性和压扭性双重力学性质,其中张扭性破碎带造就成矿空间,造成了矿体近等间距雁列式排列。受断裂构造的影响,矿区内节理、裂隙发育,为成矿热液的运移和积聚提供了良好的空间。区内沿裂隙充填形成的石英脉、褐铁矿脉、铜矿脉发育。     

Medium and small embankment dams on permafrost: A discussion of current concepts

This article discusses the current concepts of dam design and construction in permafrost regions. It is demonstrated that embankment dams often change their state from frozen to thawed and back during the operation period. It is shown that these transitions are not always attributable to observed climate warming. Where geotechnical, hydrogeological, and permafrost conditions are complicated, proper performance of embankment dams can only be provided by adhering to a selected thermal design for, as an example, a frozen state.