A preliminary investigation on the scaling behaviour of rainfall observed in two different climates

Abstract

The problem of transformation of rainfall data from one scale to another has been gaining considerable importance in recent years. Though the application of the concept of fractal theory, in the studies conducted thus far, nearly unanimously points at the possibility of such a transformation, the suitability of the theory to the highly variable rainfall in time and space has very often been questioned. A preliminary attempt is made herein to address this issue by investigating the existence of temporal scaling behaviour in rainfall data observed in two different climatic regions: (a) a subtropical climatic region (Leaf River basin, Mississippi, USA) and (b) an equatorial climatic region (Singapore). Rainfall data of three different resolutions, six-hourly, daily, and weekly, observed over a period of 25 years, are investigated. A mono- or simple-scaling method (box dimension method) is employed. The results achieved for the different data sets clearly indicate the existence of temporal scaling in rainfall observed in the two regions, an encouraging news on the suitability of fractal theory in understanding and modelling the rainfall process. However, the insufficiency of a single dimension to characterize the rainfall behaviour is realized, as the dimension depends on the rainfall intensity level, which, in turn, may be related to the rainfall generating mechanisms. A comparison of the box-dimension results obtained for data of different resolutions, from each of the regions, seems to indicate a possible connection between them, a prospect of tremendous practical importance. Another interesting observation is the similarity between the box dimension results obtained for rainfall data from Leaf River basin and Singapore, but this is also clearly related to the intensity level. The dependence of the dimension on the intensity threshold suggests the use of a multi-dimensional fractal approach, where the process is characterized by more than one dimension (or a dimension function) instead of one single dimension. On the basis of the present results, some potential areas for further study are identified.     

The hydrographic features of the ocean region around the Ryukyu Islands during summer of 1997

IwnODUCTIONTheECSandthePacificOceanareseparaedbytheRyUkyUIs1andshavingthreermnPasSagesforwaerexchangbebeenthesetWowateboies.TheKewshioenterstheECS~ghthestraiteastofTaiwanIslandandflowsbacktothePacificOceantboghTugalaStrait.TheOkinawIsland-MiyakoIslandstralt(KeanTrench,withdepth>1opm)allowalopqUanityofwaerexchangebetweentheECSandthePacifico-cean(YUanandPan,l994).InvestigationdatashowsthatthehydIDgraPhicfeatUresoftheoceanregionarOUntheRyukyUIslandsareverycomPlicated.Somcold…     

Hydrographic Structure and Transport of Intermediate Water in the Kuroshio Region off the Boso Peninsula, Japan

Hydrographic structure and transport of intermediate water were observed in the Kuroshio region south of Japan, focusing on the 26.6–27.5σ_θ density in six cruises from May 1998 through September 2001. In the section off the Boso Peninsula where the Kuroshio exfoliates eastward, the intermediate water was clearly clustered into three groups meridionally composed of the coastal water, the Kuroshio water and the offshore water. Compared with the Kuroshio water characterized by warm, salty water transported by the Kuroshio, the coastal and offshore waters significantly degenerated due to mixing with cold, fresh waters originated from the subarctic region: the former was affected by alongshore spread of the coastal Oyashio and the latter by direct intrusion of the new North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) into the southern side of the Kuroshio current axis. Particularly the offshore water showed higher apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) in layers deeper than 26.9σ_θ while it showed lower AOU in layers shallower than 26.9σ_θ, which indicated that colder, fresher and higher AOU water was distributed on the southeastern side of the Kuroshio in deeper layers. In May 1998, the Oyashio-Kuroshio mixing ratio was estimated to be typically 2:8 for the offshore water on the assumption of isopycnal mixing. Moreover, northeastward volume transport of the Kuroshio water was obtained from geostrophic velocity fields adjusted to lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler (LADCP) data to yield 6.1 Sv at 26.6–26.9σ_θ and 11.8 Sv at 26.9–27.5 σ_θ. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

2013年《海洋测绘》论文综述

针对2013年《海洋测绘》刊载的论文情况,从海洋测绘学科发展角度,通过对各专业论文发表情况的统计分析,对海洋测量、遥感影像处理、海图制图等专业的发展现状,进行了归纳总结和简要评述。旨在为广大测绘工作者提供参考。     

海道测量定位中对流层延迟差分估计技术研究

为削弱海上对流层延迟对高精度海道测量的影响,提出了一种基于差分改正思想的对流层延迟估计方法。首先,以Saastamoinen模型作为先验值,采用精密单点定位技术估算对流层改正量。将天顶延迟的剩余误差作为待定参数,用Kalman滤波估计对流层的残余量;然后,分别估计基准站和移动站的对流层延迟,作为差分计算的初值代入差分解算模型中,从而求得海上移动站的精确位置。实测数据表明,相对于常规动态解,基于对流层差分改正的定位技术改善了移动站的定位精度,其中,垂直方向的精度提高了17.6%。     

海道测量定位中心的升沉研究

在揭示测量升沉与总升沉存在差异的基础上,建立了GPS定位中心的诱导升沉模型。结合GPSRTK和姿态数据对模型进行了验证,分析了诱导升沉模型的精度和影响因素。数值计算表明,GPS定位中心的诱导升沉可达到dm级的量值,其变化影响着定位中心在垂向位置的归算。相对于横纵摇的测量精度而言,定位中心偏移值的测量精度对诱导升沉和总升沉的精度影响程度更大。     

人类世的地球化学标志——沉积物中的持久性有机污染物

确定人类世地层标志物是选取全球层型剖面和点（GSSP）的重要前提。目前水系沉积记录作为人类世GSSP的候选表现出显著优越性。水系沉积物中的持久性有机污染物（POPs）可以连续、高分辨率地反映人类活动影响和强度变化,通过横向对比全球POPs历史变化可以获取潜在标志物的高速增长起点。本次研究收集了3类POPs的69套数据,通过分析数据的时间趋势重建其沉积记录,以求获得全球范围内各类POPs的增长特征。全球沉积记录显示20世纪40~60年代间不同类型的POPs开始展现出不同程度的快速增长,其中多环芳烃（PAHs）和多氯联苯（PCBs）可以作为潜在的标志物指示沉积物中化学地层的界限,有机氯农药（OCPs）中只有滴滴涕（DDTs）具备这种特性。同时,这3类POPs的沉积记录可以反映人类能源消耗、农业生产和工业品商品制造等方面活动,作为标志物体现人类多种活动营力在地球系统中留下的证据。

     

长江电子航道图制作规范与IHO ENC标准比较

将我国长江电子航道图制作规范与IHO ENC标准在数据传输、显示准则、数据有效性检验和数据保护方面进行分析比较,并结合生产实际需求提出部分修订建议。     

机载激光测深波形分解中LM与EM参数优化方法比较

受作业环境与扫描条件的影响,机载激光测深全波形数据处理所得的参数分量初值精度通常较低,需采用优化方法在此基础上进一步调整分量参数以提高波形分解精度。本文代表性地选取了非线性阻尼最小二乘方法(Levenberg-Marquardt,LM)和期望最大化方法(expectation-maximization,EM)两种不同的参数优化方案,针对机载激光测深全波形数据的波形分解参数优化问题,结合实测和模拟波形数据对两种优化方法在相同初值条件下的波形模拟精度、扫描条件及其响应,以及水深估计偏差等方面的特征进行了详细的对比分析,着重探讨了两种参数优化方法所得结果的准确度与稳定性,并对其主要技术特征与效果差异进行了总结。     

海洋测量的进展及发展趋势

对海洋测绘的现状及最新进展进行了分析,并就其发展趋势给予了探讨。