中国测绘学科2001年进展综述

综述了 2 0 0 1年中国测绘学科的进展 ,给出了测绘学的定义及其分支学科 ,叙述了测绘学的研究内容和现代发展 ,然后按照测绘学中的大地测量、摄影测量与遥感学、地图制图与地理信息系统工程、工程测量学和海洋测绘学等五个分支学科分别给出其定义、学科特征和在 2 0 0 1年学科新进展的具体内容     

Steric Sea-level Variations Inferred from Combined Topex/Poseidon Altimetry and GRACE Gravimetry

In this study, we propose to estimate the steric sea-level variations over a < 2-year period (April 2002 through December 2003) by combining global mean sea level (GMSL) based on Topex/Poseidon (T/P) altimetry with time-variable geoid averaged over the oceans, as observed by the GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite. In effect, altimetry-derived GMSL changes results from two contributions: Steric (thermal plus salinity) effects due to sea water density change and ocean mass change due to water exchange with atmosphere and continents. On the other hand, GRACE data over the oceans provide the ocean mass change component only. The paper first discusses the corrections to apply to the GRACE data. Then the steric contribution to the GMSL is estimated using GRACE and T/P data. Comparison with available thermal expansion based on in situ hydrographic data is performed. G. García: On leave from Space Geodesy Laboratory, Applied Mathematics Department, EPS, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.     

海洋底质专题数字图的生成技术与方法

本文研究海洋底质专题数字图的设计原则以及如何利用海洋底质调查表格数据生成海洋底质专题数字图。分析了海洋底质表格数据的存储内容与结构,确定了海洋底质专题数字图的数据模型。经过对数据模型的转换以及专题制图要素的处理,建立了海洋底质专题数字图成图系统。最后以实例阐述了利用成图系统生成海洋底质数字专题图的技术与方法,实现了海洋底质信息数据应用的可视化。     

黄渤海无缝深度基准面绘制与分析

针对海洋测绘中的深度基准面,探讨了格网化和无缝连续深度基准面的确定方法,使用自编潮汐获取工具计算出以10km为间隔的黄渤海海区的深度基准面数据,并应用成图软件绘制出比例尺为1∶100万的黄渤海深度基准面图,对黄渤海的深度基准面分布特点做了一定的分析。采用类似方法可以绘制中国海区乃至全球海洋的无缝深度基准面。     

Seasonal changes in larval fish assemblages in a semi-enclosed sea (Gulf of California)

The northern Gulf of California (NGC) is characterized by seasonal hydrography and circulation (cyclonic in summer and anticyclonic in winter), by intense tidal mixing in the midriff archipelago region (MAR), and by coastal upwelling on the eastern side from autumn to spring. We examined changes in larval fish assemblages (LFAs) in relation with hydrography and circulation during both phases of the seasonal circulation, as indicators of changes in the pelagic ecosystem. A canonical correspondence analysis defined LFAs (r>0.70), which were related with: (i) the coastal current on the mainland shelf, (ii) the central eddy and (iii) the MAR. In the early cyclonic phase, when the temperature and stratification were increasing and the coastal current was starting, demersal (Gobulus crescentalis, Lythrypnus dalli) and mesopelagic species (Benthosema panamense) dominated the NGC. The highest larval abundance was in the Current LFA area and the lowest in the MAR LFA area. In the mature cyclonic phase, the larval abundance increased in the NGC and species characteristic of eastern boundary current systems such as Opisthonema libertate and Engraulis mordax displaced the demersal species and became dominant, together with B. panamense in the Current LFA area; the latter species dominated in the Eddy LFA area. In the early anticyclonic phase, the direction of the coastal current reversed and the temperature and larval abundance decreased. E. mordax and B. panamense larvae continued dominating the NGC with higher abundance in the MAR than in the Current and Eddy LFA areas. In the mature anticyclonic phase, E. mordax larvae dominated in the Current and the Eddy LFA areas with the highest abundance in the former, while M. productus larvae (an eastern boundary current species) dominated in the Eddy LFA area. Results showed that in the NGC, the dramatically seasonal and predictable hydrographic and circulation features trigger the seasonal spawning of the dominant species. The biological richness of the coastal current area, in both circulation phases, suggested that this area has an important role in the pelagic ecosystem functionality of the NGC.     

测线布设方向的不同对海底显示的影响

通过对几种典型海底沿不同方向布设测线所得到的拟合海底与原海底进行比较,发现测线布设方向的不同对海底显示的影响可归结为两种效应：平滑效应与伸缩效应。同时指出：对非线性平坦海底,沿梯度总方向布设测线、对于海底闭包按极坐标法布设测线可以很好地消除这两种效应的影响,从而达到完善海底显示的目的。实例分析结果验证了结论的正确性,该法可用于实际作业提高测深线布设对海底显示的准确度,同时直接构成海道测量智能设计系统的测深线自动布设建模。     

改进回归分析法及其在海道测量中的应用

给出了一种改进回归分析法,可以同时顾及自变量和因变量的验前精度,从而求得合理的拟合参数。在改进回归分析法的基础上,结合抗差估计原理,给出了抗差回归分析法,这对抵制采样点中粗差的污染具有一定的实际意义。通过对所提方法有效性的验证,说明了这些方法在海道测量的相关应用中是可行的。     

Plankton pulses in a temperate coastal embayment during the Winter-Spring transition

Hydrographical parameters, phytoplankton productivity and plankton composition were determined over a five-month period in the Bay of Plencia, a coastal area located in the mouth of the river Butron in Biscay, Basque Country. The water column was moderately mixed during most of the study period, which lasted from February to June 1985. Nutrient levels showed high temporal variability and were affected by both river runoff and seasonal biological processes. Nutrients were present most of the time in relatively high concentrations and most of them decreased in late spring. Phytoplankton size structure analysis showed that nanoplankton had the higher chlorophyll content and was responsible for most of the primary production. The phytoplankton showed changes in community composition resulting from the normal progression of the winter-spring conditions. Short-lived peaks of diatom concentration in the spring were followed by periods of low abundance, when maxima of Cladocera and Appendicularia occurred. Total zooplankton showed two peaks of abundance in mid-winter and mid-spring, respectively. Nauplii of Copepoda, juvenile stages of Calanoida and nauplii of Cirripedia were responsible for the two peaks, together with highly seasonal groups (Cladocera, Appendicularia and Cnidaria) in the spring maxima.Primary production seems to be driven by physical processes (temperature, short photoperiod and storms) in winter, whereas depletion of nutrients and grazing by zooplankton are responsible for phytoplankton minima between peaks of abundance in the growing season. Two temporal phases were apparent when the data were analysed by a principal component analysis.     

海道测量专家系统开发构想

世界各国已经在许多重要领域研制出了大量实用的专家系统.围绕专家系统构造条件,从海道测量专家系统开发的可能性、合理性和必要性方面进行分析,提出了海道测量专家系统构建设想.     

海道测量中几种水位改正方法的比较与分析

针对多波束测深易出现的因水位改正不完善导致的相邻测深条带间的拼接断层,分别采用天文潮预报、基于余水位配置的海洋潮汐推算以及基于日平均海面订正的海洋潮汐推算等方法进行水深测量水位改正。结果表明,后两种方法均适用于多波束水深测量水位改正。