岩溶土壤系统对空气CO_2的吸收及其对陆地系统碳汇的意义——以桂林丫吉村岩溶试验场的野外观测和模拟实验为例

以桂林丫吉村岩溶实验场为例 ,对湿润亚热带岩溶土壤系统进行了土壤植被系统CO2 浓度变化、土壤有机质分解的CO2 产生等野外观测以及实验室土壤灰岩土柱系统模拟实验。实验表明在土壤地球化学条件的控制下 ,岩溶土壤系统存在着对空气CO2 的显著吸收效应 ,其值可达 2 2～ 130 g/ (m2 ·a) ,并以此为依据估算了中国岩溶土壤系统对大气的碳汇约为 4× 10 13g/a。因而揭示了岩溶土壤系统可能是十分重要的陆地碳汇 ,在讨论全球碳汇饱和问题中必须重视这一碳汇的变化。     

中国大陆水文地球化学-构造地震危险区划研究

以热水及矿水的水文地球化学场为主要标志,以构造格局和构造活动性、历史地震活动规律为主要划分依据,再结合地球物理场、地温场及区域地层的组合分布状况,进行了地震危险区带的划分。将中国大陆划分为6个地震危险区、23个危险亚区和30个危险带,并对各个危险亚区和危险带的主要水文地球化学特征及构造进行了论述。通过对地下水水文地球化学特征和水文化学场的研究,分析构造特征及其活动性,确定地震与水文地球化学特征及化学场的耦合关系。这对地震水文观测孔的布置和地震预测具有重要意义。通过长期监测地下水中水化学成分的变化,就有可能为预测预报地震提供一种新的前兆信息。      

地浸场地残余溶液对水环境影响中的水文地球化学问题讨论

溶质迁移的理论是水环境评价及其整治的科学基础。溶质迁移理论包括水动力弥散、分子扩散和水文地球化学的水岩作用。文章讨论了地浸场地残留溶液对环境影响的预测方法、围岩对污染水的自净和地下水环境恢复的功能，对三种预测污染水对环境影响方法的计算蛄果进行了对比。通过以上讨论，展示水文地球化学在水环境评价和整治工作中有不可忽略的作用和意义，并提出了在水环境评价和整治工作中正确确定弥散系数、阻滞系数、饱和阻留容量、阻滞速率、溶质迁移速度的重要性。文中通过实例介绍了饱和阻滞容量、阻滞速率、溶质迁移速度等参数的求测计算方法。     

喜马拉雅东构造结地区地热成因分析

喜马拉雅东构造结地区是现今地球上构造活动最强烈、地貌演化最快的地区之一,属于地中海—喜马拉雅地热带,水热活动强烈。基于喜马拉雅东构造结的地热地质背景,采用野外调查、水化学和稳定同位素测试分析等手段,初步分析嘉黎地区深部地下热水发育特征及成因模式。结果表明,该区域地下热水均来自大气降水或冰雪融水,补给高程位于4 500 m以上,推测补给区位于研究区西北部片麻岩山区;区内地下热水均为未成熟水,热水补给水源沿断裂循环至深部热储,随后受热对流上升至地表出露成温泉,热水上升至浅表部与冷水发生混合,冷热水最大混合比可达91%;采用二氧化硅温度计、阳离子温度计以及硅-焓模型估算出热储温度最高达380 ℃,热水在雅鲁藏布江结合带内循环深度达到6 900 m。研究区深部热源主要来自雅鲁藏布江结合带及附近深大断裂,地表热显示主要受控于结合带两侧的次级张扭性断裂。本研究初步揭示了喜马拉雅东构造结嘉黎地区地热成因模式,可为该区重大工程建设和高温热害防治提供指导。     

黏性土弱透水层压实作用:原理、技术及其水文地质意义

弱透水层与含水层相互作用是国际水文地质学界关注的热点问题,特别是黏性土弱透水层与孔隙含水层的相互作用。近年来,在自然沉积、过量开采地下水、现代化农业机械与建筑业重型机械应用等自然与人为活动影响下,黏土弱透水层会发生有效应力增加、孔隙结构变形和孔隙度减少、渗透性降低、溶解氧和贮水能力减少以及侧向和垂向排水等的压实作用,导致地下水污染、地面沉降等环境问题的发生。本文重点介绍了黏性土弱透水层压实作用的原理,分析了地下水系统中4种不同状态下沉积物压实与孔隙流体压力的关系,基于压实物理模拟和数值模拟两个方面对压实作用的研究方法与技术进行了系统总结,随后探讨了压实作用下黏性土弱透水层对地下水水量与水质的影响,并对此研究的发展趋势及其在地球科学、环境科学等研究领域的潜在应用提出了展望。     

Using hydrogeochemical data to trace groundwater flow paths in a cold alpine catchment

Significant uncertainty remains in understanding the groundwater flow pathways in the northeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Hydrogeochemical and isotopic data as well as hydrogeological data were combined to explore the groundwater flow path in a representative cold alpine catchment in the headwater region of the Heihe River. The results indicate that the suprapermafrost groundwater chemical components were mainly affected by calcite dissolution and evaporation, whereas the geochemistry of subpermafrost groundwater was controlled by dolomite and gypsum dissolution, calcite precipitation, and albite and halite dissolution. Distinct hydrogeochemical characteristics and controlling processes suggest a poor hydraulic connectivity between the suprapermafrost and subpermafrost groundwater. The hydraulic connectivity between permafrost groundwater and groundwater in the seasonally frozen area was confirmed by their similar hydrogeochemical features. In the seasonally frozen area, a silty clay layer with low permeability separates the aquifer into the deep (depth >20 m) and shallow (depth <20 m) flow paths. The deep groundwater was characterized by the enhanced dedolomitization and enhanced cation exchange processes compared with the shallow groundwater. Groundwater in the seasonally frozen area finally discharges as base flow into the stream. These results provide useful information about the groundwater flow systems in the unique alpine gorge catchments in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. The above findings suggest that the permafrost distribution and the aquifer structures within the seasonally frozen area have significant impact on groundwater flow paths. Cross‐validation by drilling work and hydrograph data confirms that the hydrogeochemical and isotopic tracers combined with field investigations can be relatively low‐cost tools in interpreting the groundwater flow paths in similar alpine catchments.     

Fracture flow and groundwater compartmentalization in the Rollins Sandstone, Lower Mesaverde Group, Colorado, USA

 This paper presents a site-specific conceptual model of groundwater flow in fractured damage zones associated with faulting in a package of sedimentary rocks. The model is based on the results of field and laboratory investigations. Groundwater and methane gas inflows from fault-fracture systems in the West Elk coal mine, Colorado, USA, have occurred with increasing severity. Inflows of 6, 160 and 500 L s⁻¹ discharged almost instantaneously from three separate faults encountered in mine workings about 460 m below ground level. The faults are about 600 m apart. The δ ²H and δ ¹⁸O compositions of the fault-related inflow waters and the hydrodynamic responses of each fault inflow indicate that the groundwaters discharge from hydraulically isolated systems. ¹⁴C data indicate that the groundwaters are as much as 10,500 years old. Discharge temperatures are geothermal (≈30°C), which could indicate upwelling from depth. However, calculations of geothermal gradients, analysis of solute compositions of groundwater in potential host reservoirs, geothermometer calculations, and results of packer testing indicate that the fractured groundwater reservoir is the Rollins Sandstone (120 m thick) directly beneath the coal seams. The packer test also demonstrates that the methane gas is contained in the coal seams. A geothermal gradient of 70–80°C km⁻¹, related to an underlying intrusion, is probably responsible for the slightly elevated discharge temperatures. Large discharge volumes, as great as 8.2×10⁵m³ from the 14 South East Headgate fault (14 SEHG), rapid declines in discharge rates, and vertical and horizontal permeability (matrix permeability generally <0.006 Darcy) indicate fracture flow. An in-mine pumping test demonstrates that the 14 SEHG fault has excellent hydraulic communication with fractures 50 m from the fault. Aeromagnetic data indicate that the faults are tectonically related to an igneous body that is several thousand meters below the coal seams. Exploratory drilling has confirmed a fourth fault, and two additional faults are projected, based on the aeromagnetic data. The conceptual model describes a series of parallel, hydraulically separate groundwater systems associated with fault-specific damage zones. The faults are about 600 m apart. Groundwater stored in fractured sandstone is confined above and below by clayey layers. Received March 1999 / Revised, November 1999 / Accepted, December 1999     

伊犁盆地512铀矿床成矿水文地球化学作用研究

在分析伊犁盆地512铀矿床成矿水文地球化学背景的基础上，通过对水中铀存在形式、热力学、矿石物质组成和有机质分析，认为铀的还原沉淀是该矿床形成的主要水文地球化学作用。此外，铀的吸附作用也是重要的成矿作用。     

文登区浅层地下水化学演化与海水入侵研究

作者采用水化学演化图(hydrochemical facies evolution diagram,HFE-D)和海水入侵地下水质量指数(GQISWI)对山东威海文登区地下水的化学演化和海水入侵情况进行了分析.Piper图的结果表明文登区从北到南地下水的化学组成分别是Ca-HCO3、Ca-Mg-Cl、Na-Cl.HFE...     

Application of Correspondence Analysis in the Assessment of Groundwater Chemistry

Correspondence Analysis (CA) was used to determine the sources and processes that may explain the variation observed in datasets of groundwater analyses. The following method was adopted: (1) based on the observation of sympathies and antipathies between loadings signs, correspondence factors were represented by parameters with some pertinent geochemical meaning: (2) the relation between factors and parameters then was checked by Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) where factors acted as independent variables and parameters as dependent variables. Sample scores of the selected parameters gave the ability to separate polluted from nonpolluted waters, identify areas where pollution is dominated by agriculture and areas where contamination is controlled by domestic effluents, and describe weathering and agricultural activities in the sampled area. The practical example presented here anticipates the impact of agriculture and urban pollution on the chemistry of 160 water samples collected in a granitoid area at central Portugal (Fundão).