Hydrogeochemistry of shallow groundwater in an upland Scottish catchment

The hydrogeochemistry of shallow groundwater has been characterized in the Allt a'Mharcaidh catchment in the Scottish Cairngorms in order to: (i) assess the spatial and temporal variation in groundwater chemistry; (ii) identify the hydrogeochemical processes regulating its evolution; and (iii) examine the influence of groundwater on the quality and quantity of stream flow. Shallow groundwater in superficial drift deposits is circumneutral (pH∽7·1) and base cation concentrations are enriched compared with precipitation and drainage water from overlying podzolic soils. Modelling with NETPATH suggests that the dominant geochemical processes that account for this are the dissolution of plagioclase, K-feldspar and biotite. Groundwater emerging as springs from weathered granite underlying high altitude (>900 m) alpine soils shows similar characteristics, though weathering rates are lower, probably as a result of reduced residence times and lower temperatures. Chemical hydrograph separation techniques using acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) and Si as tracers show that groundwater is the dominant source of baseflow in the catchment and also buffers the chemistry of stream water at high flows: groundwater may account for as much as 50–60% of annual runoff in the catchment. Climate and land use in the Cairngorms are vulnerable to future changes, which may have major implications for hydrogeological processes in the area. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

藏北温泉盆地地热田水文地球化学特征研究

藏北温泉盆地地热资源丰富,但研究程度较低。为查明温泉盆地地热资源赋存状态及热源来源,揭示热循环机理,定量评估研究区热储温度、冷水混入比例、热循环深度等,利用温泉盆地地热田共18组温泉水样进行水化学分析,进行定量计算。结果表明:温泉盆地温泉水水化学类型主要为Ca-HCO3?SO4型。温泉盆地地下热水在向上运移过程中,受浅层地下水的混合作用影响,使得热水变为“未成熟水”。温泉水中文石、方解石等钙质热液的饱和度指数大于0。热储温度60.93~96.52 ℃,热循环深度3 238.06~5 215.28 m,冷水混入比例在20.97%~70.19%之间。硅-焓模型计算出未混入冷水时深部热储温度在81.94~167.26 ℃之间,热储循环深度4 405.56~9 145.56 m。      

Fracture flow and groundwater compartmentalization in the Rollins Sandstone, Lower Mesaverde Group, Colorado, USA

 This paper presents a site-specific conceptual model of groundwater flow in fractured damage zones associated with faulting in a package of sedimentary rocks. The model is based on the results of field and laboratory investigations. Groundwater and methane gas inflows from fault-fracture systems in the West Elk coal mine, Colorado, USA, have occurred with increasing severity. Inflows of 6, 160 and 500 L s⁻¹ discharged almost instantaneously from three separate faults encountered in mine workings about 460 m below ground level. The faults are about 600 m apart. The δ ²H and δ ¹⁸O compositions of the fault-related inflow waters and the hydrodynamic responses of each fault inflow indicate that the groundwaters discharge from hydraulically isolated systems. ¹⁴C data indicate that the groundwaters are as much as 10,500 years old. Discharge temperatures are geothermal (≈30°C), which could indicate upwelling from depth. However, calculations of geothermal gradients, analysis of solute compositions of groundwater in potential host reservoirs, geothermometer calculations, and results of packer testing indicate that the fractured groundwater reservoir is the Rollins Sandstone (120 m thick) directly beneath the coal seams. The packer test also demonstrates that the methane gas is contained in the coal seams. A geothermal gradient of 70–80°C km⁻¹, related to an underlying intrusion, is probably responsible for the slightly elevated discharge temperatures. Large discharge volumes, as great as 8.2×10⁵m³ from the 14 South East Headgate fault (14 SEHG), rapid declines in discharge rates, and vertical and horizontal permeability (matrix permeability generally <0.006 Darcy) indicate fracture flow. An in-mine pumping test demonstrates that the 14 SEHG fault has excellent hydraulic communication with fractures 50 m from the fault. Aeromagnetic data indicate that the faults are tectonically related to an igneous body that is several thousand meters below the coal seams. Exploratory drilling has confirmed a fourth fault, and two additional faults are projected, based on the aeromagnetic data. The conceptual model describes a series of parallel, hydraulically separate groundwater systems associated with fault-specific damage zones. The faults are about 600 m apart. Groundwater stored in fractured sandstone is confined above and below by clayey layers. Received March 1999 / Revised, November 1999 / Accepted, December 1999     

中国大陆水文地球化学-构造地震危险区划研究

以热水及矿水的水文地球化学场为主要标志,以构造格局和构造活动性、历史地震活动规律为主要划分依据,再结合地球物理场、地温场及区域地层的组合分布状况,进行了地震危险区带的划分。将中国大陆划分为6个地震危险区、23个危险亚区和30个危险带,并对各个危险亚区和危险带的主要水文地球化学特征及构造进行了论述。通过对地下水水文地球化学特征和水文化学场的研究,分析构造特征及其活动性,确定地震与水文地球化学特征及化学场的耦合关系。这对地震水文观测孔的布置和地震预测具有重要意义。通过长期监测地下水中水化学成分的变化,就有可能为预测预报地震提供一种新的前兆信息。      

Using hydrogeochemical data to trace groundwater flow paths in a cold alpine catchment

Significant uncertainty remains in understanding the groundwater flow pathways in the northeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Hydrogeochemical and isotopic data as well as hydrogeological data were combined to explore the groundwater flow path in a representative cold alpine catchment in the headwater region of the Heihe River. The results indicate that the suprapermafrost groundwater chemical components were mainly affected by calcite dissolution and evaporation, whereas the geochemistry of subpermafrost groundwater was controlled by dolomite and gypsum dissolution, calcite precipitation, and albite and halite dissolution. Distinct hydrogeochemical characteristics and controlling processes suggest a poor hydraulic connectivity between the suprapermafrost and subpermafrost groundwater. The hydraulic connectivity between permafrost groundwater and groundwater in the seasonally frozen area was confirmed by their similar hydrogeochemical features. In the seasonally frozen area, a silty clay layer with low permeability separates the aquifer into the deep (depth >20 m) and shallow (depth <20 m) flow paths. The deep groundwater was characterized by the enhanced dedolomitization and enhanced cation exchange processes compared with the shallow groundwater. Groundwater in the seasonally frozen area finally discharges as base flow into the stream. These results provide useful information about the groundwater flow systems in the unique alpine gorge catchments in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. The above findings suggest that the permafrost distribution and the aquifer structures within the seasonally frozen area have significant impact on groundwater flow paths. Cross‐validation by drilling work and hydrograph data confirms that the hydrogeochemical and isotopic tracers combined with field investigations can be relatively low‐cost tools in interpreting the groundwater flow paths in similar alpine catchments.     

喜马拉雅东构造结地区地热成因分析

喜马拉雅东构造结地区是现今地球上构造活动最强烈、地貌演化最快的地区之一,属于地中海—喜马拉雅地热带,水热活动强烈。基于喜马拉雅东构造结的地热地质背景,采用野外调查、水化学和稳定同位素测试分析等手段,初步分析嘉黎地区深部地下热水发育特征及成因模式。结果表明,该区域地下热水均来自大气降水或冰雪融水,补给高程位于4 500 m以上,推测补给区位于研究区西北部片麻岩山区;区内地下热水均为未成熟水,热水补给水源沿断裂循环至深部热储,随后受热对流上升至地表出露成温泉,热水上升至浅表部与冷水发生混合,冷热水最大混合比可达91%;采用二氧化硅温度计、阳离子温度计以及硅-焓模型估算出热储温度最高达380 ℃,热水在雅鲁藏布江结合带内循环深度达到6 900 m。研究区深部热源主要来自雅鲁藏布江结合带及附近深大断裂,地表热显示主要受控于结合带两侧的次级张扭性断裂。本研究初步揭示了喜马拉雅东构造结嘉黎地区地热成因模式,可为该区重大工程建设和高温热害防治提供指导。     

黏性土弱透水层压实作用:原理、技术及其水文地质意义

弱透水层与含水层相互作用是国际水文地质学界关注的热点问题,特别是黏性土弱透水层与孔隙含水层的相互作用。近年来,在自然沉积、过量开采地下水、现代化农业机械与建筑业重型机械应用等自然与人为活动影响下,黏土弱透水层会发生有效应力增加、孔隙结构变形和孔隙度减少、渗透性降低、溶解氧和贮水能力减少以及侧向和垂向排水等的压实作用,导致地下水污染、地面沉降等环境问题的发生。本文重点介绍了黏性土弱透水层压实作用的原理,分析了地下水系统中4种不同状态下沉积物压实与孔隙流体压力的关系,基于压实物理模拟和数值模拟两个方面对压实作用的研究方法与技术进行了系统总结,随后探讨了压实作用下黏性土弱透水层对地下水水量与水质的影响,并对此研究的发展趋势及其在地球科学、环境科学等研究领域的潜在应用提出了展望。     

Hydrochemistry and source of high fluoride in groundwater of the Nairobi area,Kenya / Hydrochimie et origine des fortes concentrations en fluorure dans l'eau souterraine de la région de Nairobi,au Kenya

Abstract

This study aims to identify the hydrogeochemical processes influencing the high fluoride concentrations in groundwater of the Nairobi area, Kenya. For this purpose 16 groundwater samples were collected and analysed. Fluoride concentrations above the WHO standard are found in the downstream areas. The high F^? concentrations are correlated with high sodium and pH and low Ca²⁺ concentrations. Weathering of sodium-rich alkaline igneous rocks causes a pH increase resulting in an increase in HCO₃ ^? and CO₃ ^2- by dissolution of CO₂. Groundwater becomes oversaturated compared to calcite and calcite precipitation occurs, leading to a decrease in Ca²⁺. This causes a sub-saturation with respect to fluorite and dissolution of fluorite increases the F^? concentration. These reactions were modelled using the PHREEQC model and the results showed a good agreement with the measured groundwater quality, indicating that the proposed reactions are plausible for explaining the observed concentrations in groundwater.     

山东平阴地热水水文地球化学特征及成因分析

山东平阴目前已有的3眼地热井水中均富含丰富的理疗矿物元素,具有较高的理疗价值.利用以往工作取得的水化学分析和同位素分析数据,分析了地热水的水化学特征、补给来源、形成年龄及水-岩作用过程,对热储温度、冷水混入比例与热水循环深度进行了估算.结果表明:研究区地热水水化学类型均为Cl·SO4-Na·Ca型;补给来源均为大气降水...     

澜沧江某水电站热水系统循环演化机制研究

研究区位于西藏自治区昌都市芒康县境内曲孜卡乡和盐井乡交界的澜沧江河段,由于复杂的地质背景,形成了一系列物理、化学特征各异的温泉及盐泉。研究区域热水系统主要以盐泉泉群和中低矿化温泉的形式分散出露,根据地质地热结构以及热水水文地球化学特征,将区内热水系统划分为盐井系统、右岸曲孜卡系统、左岸玄武岩系统以及外围温泉。通过工程区区域地质背景及周边热水同位素特征,结合工程区及周边热水系统的热储温度、热储深度计算,研究各热水系统的循环演化机制对工程区的影响具有十分重大的意义。