Geochemical features of the geothermal CO2-water-carbonate rock system and analysis on its CO2 sources--Examples from Huanglong Ravine and Kangding, Sichuan, and Xiage, Zhongdian, Yunnan

Taking Huanglong Ravine and Kangding, Sichuan, and Xiage, Zhongdian, Yunnan, as examples, the authors summarize the hydrogeochemical and carbon stable isotopic features of the geothermal CO2-water-carbonate rock system and analyze the CO2 sources of the system. It was found that the hydrogeochemical and carbon stable isotopic features of such a system are different from those of shallow CO2-water-carbonate rock system, which is strongly influenced by biosphere. The former has higher CO2 partial pressure, and is rich in heavy carbon stable isotope. In addition, such a geothermal system is also different from that developed in igneous rock. The water in the latter system lacks Ca2+, and thus, there are few tufa deposits on ground surface, but it is rich in light carbon stable isotope. Further analysis shows that CO2 of the geothermal CO2-water-carbonate rock system is a mixture of metamorphic CO2 and magmatic CO2.     

Hydrogeochemistry of seepage water collected within the Youngcheon diversion tunnel,Korea: source and evolution of SO4‐rich groundwater in sedimentary terrain

In the Youngcheon Diversion Tunnel area, South Korea, 46 samples of tunnel seepage water (TSW) and borehole groundwater were collected from areas with sedimentary rocks (mainly sandstone and shale) and were examined for hydrogeochemical characteristics. The measured SO₄ concentrations range widely from 7·7 to 942·0 mg/l, and exceed the Korean Drinking Water Standard (200 mg/l) in about half the samples. The TDS (total dissolved solid) content generally is high (171–1461 mg/l) from more shale‐rich formations and also reflects varying degrees of water–rock interaction. The water is classified into three groups: Ca? SO₄ type (61% of the samples collected), Ca? SO₄? HCO₃ type (15%) and Ca? HCO₃ type (24%). The Ca? HCO₃ type water (mean concentrations=369 mg/l Ca, 148 mg/l HCO₃ and 23 mg/l SO₄) reflected the simple reaction between CO₂‐recharged water and calcite, whereas the more SO₄‐rich nature of Ca? SO₄ type water (mean concentrations=153 mg/l Ca, 66 mg/l HCO₃ and 416 mg/l SO₄) reflected the oxidation of pyrite in sedimentary rocks and fracture zones. Pyrite oxidation resulted in precipitation of amorphous iron hydroxide locally within the tunnel as well as in high concentrations of Ca (mean 153 mg/l) and Na (mean 49 mg/l) for TSW, and is associated with calcite dissolution resulting in pH buffering. The pyrite oxidation required for the formation of Ca? SO₄ type water was enhanced by the diffusion of oxygenated air through the fractures related to the tunnel's construction. The subsequent outgassing of CO₂ into the tunnel resulted in precipitation of iron‐bearing carbonate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于结构体的峨眉山玄武岩风化程度评价（Ⅱ）：玄武岩斜坡地下水及浸泡液水文地球化学

岩石风化过程中的元素活动性评价除应考虑该元素在风化产物中残留与淋失状况及在淋滤液(地下水及室内浸泡液等)中的浓度外,还应考虑其在母岩中的相对含量.峨眉山玄武岩斜坡地下水及室内浸泡液中各元素原子个数比值与母岩中对应比值之间均存在显著差异,其造岩矿物的非全等溶解特征显著.综合考虑风化过程中的岩石成分变化、斜坡地下水及室内浸泡液化学成分确定的峨眉山玄武岩风化过程中的元素活动性顺序为Ca＞Na＞Mg≥Si＞K＞Fe.活动性强或惰性程度高、对风化程度变化响应敏感应成为岩石风化程度指示性元素的选择标准,Ca和Fe应成为峨眉山玄武岩风化程度评价的首选元素.     

Variation of hydrogeochemical characteristics of water in surface flows,shallow wells,and boreholes in the coastal city of Douala (Cameroon)

ABSTRACT

Groundwater is used by 3?million inhabitants in the coastal urban city of Douala, Cameroon, but comprehensive data are too sparse for it to be managed in a sustainable manner. Hence this study aimed to (1) assess the potability of the groundwater; (2) evaluate the spatial variation of groundwater composition; and (3) assess the interaction and recharge mechanisms of different water bodies. Hydrogeochemical tools and methods revealed the following results in the Wouri and Nkappa formations of the Douala basin, which is beneath Douala city: 30% of water samples from hand-dug wells in the shallow Pleistocene alluvium aquifer were saline and highly mineralized. However, water from boreholes in the deeper (49–92 m depth) Palaeocene aquifer was saline-free, less mineralized and potable. Water in the shallow aquifer (0.5–22 m depth) was of Na⁺-K⁺-Cl^?-NO₃^? type and not potable due to point source pollution, whereas Ca⁺-HCO₃^? unpolluted water dominates in the deeper aquifer. Water in the deep and shallow aquifers indicates the results of preferential flow pass and evaporative recharge, respectively. Possible hydrogeochemical processes include point source pollution, reverse ion exchange, remote recharge areas and mixing of waters with different chemical signatures.

EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis ASSOCIATE EDITOR M.D. Fidelibus     

Hydrogeochemical Processes in the Kafue River upstream from the Copperbelt Mining Area, Zambia

Frequent sampling during an annual cycle of dissolved(<0.45 m) and suspended (>0.45 m) elementshas been conducted in the Kafue River at Raglan'sFarm, upstream from the mining activities within theCopperbelt Province, Zambia. Additional sampling ofsediment and interstitial pore water was conductedduring low water discharge. The presence of carbonateswithin the drainage basin naturally gives rise to highelement concentrations in the dissolved phase(Ca = 626, Mg = 494, Na = 360 and K = 24 mmol l^-1).During the rainy season the relative composition ofthe dissolved elements indicated a wash out ofaccumulated weathering products and mineralisedorganic material from the unsaturated zone of the soilprofile. High concentrations of dissolved Al, Fe andMn were measured during high water discharge. At lowwater discharge the sediment was a major source of Fe,Mn and associated Co and Cu to the water column.Enhanced concentrations of dissolved and suspended S,Co and Cu during the rainy season indicated thatatmospheric deposited particles from the mining areawere washed out into the river. Autochthonousformation of particles rich in Si indicated diatomproduction during low water discharge.     

四川盆地某地富矿卤水水文地球化学特征及其成因资源意义

四川盆地某地富矿卤水以深层卤水形式赋存于地下４０００余米深的中三叠统雷口权组四段（Ｔ＿２ｌ￣４）盐系的碳酸盐岩储层中。富矿卤水与海水各浓缩阶段相比，其中Ｋ￣＋含量异常高，构成世界罕见的液态钾盐资源；Ｂｒ￣－、Ｉ￣－、Ｂ￣（３＋）、Ｌｉ￣＋等有用组分也远远超过综合利用工业品位，为优质化工原料水。富矿卤水为沉积变质和钾盐溶滤的复合成因，具有资源及固液态钾盐找矿的指示意义。本文为四川某地固液态找钾提供了有价值的线索。     

南四湖流域水文地球化学环境分析

南四湖流域许多地段浅层地下水中氟含量明显超出国家标准,最高含量达16．4mg／L,地方性氟中毒病分布范围广．为流域内主要的环境地质问题。从自然地理环境、地质环境、水文地质条件、水文地球化学环境等方面对地氟病成因进行了分析研究,认为湖东泰沂隆起区出露的岩浆岩和各类变质岩提供了丰富的氟源．岩石中的氟矿物通过表面扩散的反应动力学机制向地下水中传递,氟元素则通过对氟矿物的溶解和溶滤进入地下水中。南黄河冲洪积、湖积作用形成的粘土、亚粘土和粉细砂为主的含水层,氟的含量较高,其氟矿物以云母为主,粘性土巾有大量吸附性氟。地下水的垂向与侧向补给条件差,交替滞缓,氟存水中的集聚作用以蒸发浓缩为主,有利于氟元素富集。     

靖边地区白垩系洛河组地下水水文地球化学模拟

以鄂尔多斯盆地中部靖边地区白垩系洛河组为例进行水文地球化学模拟,对开展靖边地区水化学演化规律研究,对保证当地经济的可持续发展、缓解水资源短缺矛盾、保护水资源与水环境等具有重要意义。     

中国海相地层水文地质地球化学与油气保存条件研究

我国海相地层的油气藏被构造运动改造的强度较大,油气保存条件较差.地下水动力场的分布特征在油气藏的形成与演化过程中起着重要的作用.本文通过对比研究四川盆地、塔里木盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地已知海相油田与南方海相地层的水文地质地球化学特征,揭示了水文地质地球化学性质与油气保存条件的密切关系.沉积埋藏阶段是油气生成运移、聚集的主要时期;抬升剥蚀时期水文地质的最大特点是地层压实排水作用停止,沉积埋藏水被大气水驱替、淡化.不整合面附近的封存大气水可能是油气藏被破坏和保存条件差的标志,也可能是有机质尚未进入二次生烃的重要指标.通常水文地质开启程度随着深度的增加而减弱.交替停滞带是不受地表水影响的水文地质带,有利于油气保存;自由交替带受地表水强烈影响,不利于油气保存.并且初步总结了一套比较系统的油气保存条件的水文地质地球化学综合判别指标体系.     

短时间高强度旅游活动下洞穴CO2的变化特征及对滴水水文地球化学的响应

洞穴高强度旅游活动产生的CO₂对洞穴滴水水文地球化学及洞穴沉积物沉积具有重要影响。本文于2017年9月30日-10月9日对贵州绥阳大风洞洞穴CO₂、温度、相对湿度、游客数量及洞穴滴水水化学指标等进行连续监测,运用系统分析方法对各要素进行综合分析。结果发现：① 受游客数量和洞穴通风效应等因素影响,洞穴空气CO₂分压（PCO_2（A））在时间序列上呈现明显的昼夜变化和日际变化,表现为白昼高、夜间低,游客多的天数高,游客少的天数低。在空间变化上,由于通风程度和洞腔体积不同,不同监测点PCO_2（A）存在明显差异,由洞内深处至洞口分别为3#（神泉玉露）>1#（时光隧道）>2#（夜明珠）;② 通过比较PCO_2（A）和滴水水温,前者对CO₂溶解度影响比后者更为显著,表明PCO_2（A）是洞穴沉积过程中最重要的驱动因素之一;③ 洞穴滴水水温、滴水PCO₂分压（PCO_2（W））与PCO_2（A）变化趋势大体一致,也呈现出明显的昼夜变化和日际变化。pH、SIc和HCO₃^-变化趋势大体上与PCO_2（A）相反,EC和Ca²⁺则无明显的昼夜变化,但存在一定的日际变化。随着旅游活动强度的增加,滴水水化学变化幅度逐渐增大。此外,不同滴水点所在洞腔结构、大小、封闭程度等不同,使PCO_2（A）的扩散和通风程度存在差异,进而影响洞穴滴水水化学组分和洞穴沉积物沉积状况。因此,本研究对于洞穴环境保护和管理及其岩溶洞穴碳循环的研究具有重要意义。