高寒草甸地区沙漠化发展过程及成因分析——以黄河源区玛多县为例

遥感监测和野外调查研究结果表明：玛多县的沙漠化经历了由迅速发展到急剧逆转的过程,其中,20世纪80年代到2000年是沙漠化迅速发展的时期,沙漠化土地面积从1987年的12 827.6 km²增加到16 330.7 km²,达到全县土地总面积的64.7%,而在此后的6 a里,沙漠化状况得以有效逆转,在2006年,沙漠化土地下降到12 977.2 km²,年均逆转面积为559 km²;研究区沙漠化发生、发展的主要原因是气候变暖引起的冻土退化,以及随之引起的表土干旱化、草场退化、鼠害等;人类活动虽然在研究区沙漠化发生、发展过程中没有起到主导作用,但是可以通过以草定畜、围栏、灭鼠等措施有效控制沙漠化的发展,并使其得到逆转。     

气候变化与人类活动对玛曲地区生态环境的影响

根据玛曲1971—2005年的气温、降水、大风、沙尘暴等资料的变化及其对该地区生态环境的影响作了分析。结果表明：30 a来,玛曲地区的气温在逐渐升高,降水有下降趋势,蒸发量也有下降趋势,年大风、沙尘暴年发生日数也呈下降趋势,干旱程度表现出增加趋势。人类的过度放牧和滥伐乱挖造成玛曲地区植被生产力下降、草原退化、土地沙漠化加剧。气候暖干化和人类不合理的开采活动是造成该地区生态环境恶化的重要原因.     

中国全新世高温期中的气候突变事件及其对人类的影响

本文通过孢粉、闪芯和古湖泊等研究，确定了高温期起迄时间为８．５－３ＫｂＢ．Ｐ．，恢复了高温期的气候与环境的基本特征，作者发现在高温期仍在有７．８，５．３和４ｋａＢ．Ｐ．等三次具有普遍意义的气候突变事件，其降温幅度甚至可达３－４℃。这些突变事件对人类文明和环境变化起很重要的作用，尤其是与它位伴随出现的各种严重自然灾害阻碍和限制了古文明的发展，有时甚至是毁灭性的打击。     

长江三角洲地区全新世以来环境变迁对人类活动的影响

对长江三角洲地区搜集的泥炭、贝壳砂堤、埋藏古树的测年数据,新石器时代考古遗址点的测年资料以及海拔高程等的分析表明：新石器时代人类的生产和生活与生态环境变迁有密切关系,表现出人类活动对环境变迁的适应。马家浜时期气候潮湿,地面水域扩大,房屋大多以干栏式为主,而且遗址大多分布在山坡和湖汊岸边稍高的岗地、土墩上;崧泽文化期湖泊沼泽比较多,遗址多建于河湖间高爽处;良渚文化时期泥炭埋藏点的分布较马家浜与崧泽文化时期少,而且距离湖泊较远,表明当时地理环境有所好转,适宜人类生活的空间变得更为宽广,遗址的分布开始分散。对古遗址高程以及埋藏古树、泥炭^14C年龄数据统计分析结果表明,新石器时代人类居住高程与地面水域扩张和缩小状况相一致。同时,研究结果也表明影响人们居住地高低的因素较多,先人们的“择高而居”在某种程度上也只是部分地防止海水倒灌及台风和洪水灾害的侵害而采取的一种解决手段,而不是全部,如良渚文化时期部分高遗址点是出于宗教因素。     

The use of taxonomic distinctness indices in assessing patterns of biodiversity in modular organisms

Estimating diversity of modular organisms may be problematic due to actual difficulties in discriminating between 'individuals' and quantifying their abundances. Quantitative data, when available, are collected through methods that could preclude the application of classical diversity indices, making comparisons among studies difficult. Taxonomic distinctness indices, such as the 'Average Taxonomic Distinctness' (Δ⁺) and the 'Variation in Taxonomic Distinctness' (Λ⁺) may represent suitable tools in investigating diversity beyond the simple species number. The potential usefulness of such indices has been explored almost exclusively on unitary organisms, neglecting modular ones. In this study, we employed Δ⁺ and Λ⁺ to analyse patterns of diversity of epiphytic hydroid assemblages living on Cystoseira seaweeds at a hierarchy of spatial scales, along 800 km of rocky coast (SE Italy). ANOVA on species richness and Λ⁺ showed no significant difference in sample diversity at the investigated spatial scales. In contrast, there were significant differences at the scale of 10s of km in Δ⁺. Analyses based on simulations detected significant variations at all spatial scales in Δ⁺. Such findings underline the potential of Δ⁺ in highlighting relevant spatial scales of variation in patterns of hydroid diversity. Our results also suggest that the interplay between natural environmental variations and the complex ecological traits of modular organisms might affect taxonomic distinctness indices. We stress the need for further investigations focusing on modular organisms before any generalizations on the use of taxonomic relatedness measures in examining marine biodiversity can be made.     

人类活动对青海湖水位下降的影响

青海湖是我国最大的内陆湖泊,位于青藏高原的东北隅。近三十年来由于自然要素和人为活动的影响,湖周生态环境急剧退化,湖水位下降达3.35m,湖面收缩约300多km~2。根据调查研究以及其他方面的资料。青海湖多年平均亏水量4.36×10~8m~3,而人为活动耗水量占亏水量的8.7％。仅占湖面蒸发量的1％。所以,人为耗水与湖水位波动无明显相关,湖水位下降虽然是综合效应,但主导因素是气候变化,并导致湖周生态环境的恶化。     

太湖流域长荡湖近百年生态环境演变过程

社会经济转型产生的多重人为驱动力对太湖流域的生态环境和服务功能造成了深远的负面影响.湖泊沉积记录有助于探索流域人与环境长期相互作用过程,为生态修复提供理论支撑.本研究通过对太湖流域长荡湖沉积岩芯有机质、营养盐和重金属元素等指标的系统分析,在210pb定年结果的基础上,结合地球化学标准化方法以及流域人类活动资料,解析了近...     

人类活动对太湖水环境影响的稳定氮同位素示踪

人类活动对湖泊环境变化的影响是目前全球变化研究的热点之一.识别水体中人为氮源的贡献对于研究人类活动对湖泊环境变化的影响十分重要.稳定氮同位素组成(δ15N)是水环境中人为氮源的有效示踪剂.太湖是我国典型的大型浅水富营养湖泊,位于人口稠密、经济发达的长江三角洲地区,是研究人类活动对水环境影响的理想对象.太湖水体δ15N值的空间分异规律大致反映了不同湖区人类活动影响水环境的方式,上游宜兴小流域及河口主要受农业活动影响,胥口湾和东太湖则主要是水产养殖的贡献,梅梁湾受城市生活污水影响较大.而且水体δ15N值的水平反映了人类活动的影响从南部湖区到北部湖区逐渐加强的趋势,表现为南部河口—东太湖—梅梁湾不同水体从草型水体到藻型水体δ15N值增加的趋势.另外,夏季(6月)太湖水体δ15N值的变化响应于初级生产力的变化,体现了生物作用的影响.在蓝藻水华暴发时期,利用水体δ15N值识别人为氮源的结果可能会受到生物过程的干扰.     

四川荣县MS4.7、MS4.3、MS4.9地震房屋震害特征和人员伤亡分析

根据四川荣县M_S4.7、M_S4.3、M_S4.9地震现场灾害调查资料,分析房屋震害特征和人员伤亡情况,结果表明震区房屋破坏类型主要为砖混结构、砖木结构和土木结构,其中砖木结构和土木结构受损比较严重,人员伤亡主要由房屋损坏导致;造成此现象的原因主要是该地区房屋建造年代久远,房屋结构不合理、抗震性能差,短时间地震频发造成震害累积,再加上民众防震减灾意识薄弱等。     

Earthquake risk assessment of buildings accounting for human evacuation

A primary goal of earthquake engineering is to protect society from the possible negative consequences of future earthquakes. Conventionally, this goal has been achieved indirectly by reducing seismic damage of the built environment through better building codes, or more comprehensibly, by minimizing seismic risk. However, the effect that building damage has on occupants is not explicitly taken into account while designing infrastructure. Consequently, this paper introduces a conceptual framework and numerical algorithm to assess earthquake risk on building occupants during seismic events, considering the evacuation process of the structure. The framework combines probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, inelastic structural response analysis and damage assessment, and couples these results with the response of evacuating agents. The results are cast as probability distributions of variables that measure the overall performance of the system (e.g., evacuation times, number of injured people, and repair costs) for specific time windows. As a testbed, the framework was applied to the response of a reinforced concrete frame building that exemplifies the use of all steps of the methodology. The results suggest that this seismic risk evaluation framework of structural systems that combine the response of a physical model with human agents can be extended to a wide variety of other situations, including the assessment of mitigation actions in communities and people to improve their earthquake resilience. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.