A Human Damage Prediction Method for Tsunami Disasters Incorporating Evacuation Activities

This study presents a tsunami human damage prediction method employing numerical calculation and GIS (Geographical Information System) for Usa town, Tosa City, Shikoku Island, Japan. Sometime near the end of the first half of the twenty-first century, a huge earthquake is predicted to occur along the Nankai trough and costal areas facing the Pacific ocean of Shikoku Island. Much damage due to the resultant tsunamis will be caused, therefore, it is necessary to predict the extent of human damage for every town in high-risk areas.The number of tsunami victims was estimated by population in areas of maximum inundation. The number of deaths as a result of tsunami was estimated by a method which employed accumulated death toll of every area in terms of time and space, taking into account consideration of time necessary to begin to seek refuge after an earthquake, tsunami inundation depth on land, flow velocity and evacuation speed. As a result of this study a rapid decrease in death toll by early evacuation was shown quantitatively for the first time.Thus, with the method presented here, it is possible to estimate the extent of tsunami human damage on coastal regions, and may be useful as a tsunami human damage countermeasure.     

三江并流区居民点空间分布规律

利用GIS技术，以国家1：25万基础地理数据库等数字化信息为主要信息源，运用空间分析的研究方法，对云南省三江并流区的地势变化、坡度、坡向及其与居民点空间分布规律的关系进行了定量分析，揭示了该区各自然环境要素对居民点分布的影响程度，拓展了聚落地理学的研究手段。     

东昆仑北缘都兰县巴隆一带人类活动遗迹的发现及其环境背景

青海都兰县巴隆乡朝火鹿陶勒盖含有人类活动遗迹黄土剖面的孢粉和环境磁学分析结果表明,该地区自中全新世以来气候经历了3个阶段:4080aBP以前气候温干偏湿;4080～3500aBP气候温干与温干偏湿交替;3500aBP以来气候以温干为主,气候逐渐恶化。其中2890～1810aBP相对降温和变干,是本地区环境最为恶劣时期。反映人类活动遗迹的木炭层14C年龄为(3970±90)aBP,相当于黄河上游发现的齐家文化时期,比在昆仑山垭口发现的人类活动遗迹早400多年。     

川西安宁河流域生态地质环境动态演化分析

本文通过调查，结合大量前人资料和多时段的遥感解译成果，在研究人类活动影响下地质环境与生态系统间相互作用关系的基础上，进行了生态环境演化的动态演变分析，并选择具有代表性的3个典型地段进行深入剖析，充分揭示了人类活动-生态系统-地质环境三者之间相互作用规律，初步建立了流域生态地质环境演化机制概念模型。为改善、恢复和保护生态地质环境，实现人与生态地质环境的协调，促进区域经济的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

钙与生态大系统及其保健医学作用

钙在自然界和生命史中是重要的地球化学元素之一。在自然生态平衡系统中，钙起着物质和能量的重要协调作用。其与生命的起源和演化息息相关；钙元素为生命体的最优生境提供物质代谢的绿色和安全的保障。钙是动物和人类的骨骼、壳质最主要的组成物，也是各种肌体组织和细胞的活性元素。人体健康的生态系统与钙代谢的保健医学作用密切相关。研究表明，缺钙与100多种疾病相关。现今缺钙，被认为是一个全球性的问题，故有钙属“生命元素”之说。     

山地垂直人文带研究

山地垂直人文带是叠加在山地垂直自然带上的一种现象。它包括文化、民族、宗教、语言、人口、聚落等人文事象和人类的一切活动。文章首先回顾了目前国内关于山地垂直人文带在土地利用方式、农业模式、人口、聚落、民族等方面的研究,并对山地垂直人文带今后的研究方向提出了几点建议,最后论述了研究山地垂直人文带的必要性和重大意义。     

环境地球化学与人体健康及农业生产的关系

在桐柏-信阳一带区域地球化学调查中，获得40多种元素的地球化学成果资料，较全面深入地总结了区内这些元素的分布特征和规律，对环境地球化学与人体健康及农业生产关系进行了研究。     

Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Elements in a Small Catchment, and Buffer Function of Wetland in Longgan Lake, China

Wetland is the conjunction of lake and terrene where human activities are concentrated. From the viewpoints of material transport and cycling in the terrene-lake system, wetland is the buffer where sand and mud, heavy metals, pollutants and nutrients are tarried. In this paper, we provide a case study based on the temporal and spatial distribution of elements in the Wangling River catchment, a small sub-catchment of Longgan Lake in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. We have found that wetland can buffer major heavy metals such as Cr, Cu, etc.significantly, but has a little buffer function to some active elements such as Fe and Mn, which are always transported as solutions. Human activities not only influence the distribution of elements, but also weaken the buffer function of wetland. Intensive human activities in the Longgan Lake area in the past 70 years have been recorded in stream, wetland and lake sediments, especially the human activity events such as deforesting and reclaiming on a large scale in 1958 and the 1980‘s. Human activities caused the increase of sedimentation rates since the 1950‘ s, as well as the increase of elements‘ concentrations. The extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides since the 1960‘ s have led to the increase of total P concentrations. Increasing SO2 emission accelerate the process of cation exchange in soil, and enhance the leaching of Mn out of soils. Permanent storing of water causes the soil gleyification that also intensifies the leaching of Mn.These are two major reasons for the obvious increase of manganese concentrations in recent 20 years in Longgan Lake. Intensive human activities since the 1950s‘ have intensified the population in this region and thus destroyed the buffer function of wetland.     

Natural runoff changes in the Yellow River Basin

1IntroductionThe driving factors of runoff changes can be divided into precipitation factor and non-precipitation factor, and they can also be divided into natural factor and human activity factor. The influence of the natural factor includes precipitation reduction, precipitation features (for example, spatio-temporal distribution and intensity), landuse natural changes and so forth. All of these can cause runoff changes. Temperature, evaporation, topography, soil and geological environment i…