面向影像地图色域映射算法研究

为了使影像地图跨媒介传递色彩失真最小,本文提出一种面向影像地图色域映射算法。首先,使用双边滤波对影像地图进行预处理,分解出低频和高频图像,根据人眼空间域视觉感知理论,对低频图像采用保护彩度裁切法,对高频图像采用保护明度压缩法,最后融合两幅映射后图像并再次映射至目标色域,使用图像结构相似度和S-CIELAB色差模型进行客观评价,并与HPMINΔE法、SGCK法及Bala提出算法进行比较。结果表明,面向影像地图色域映射算法在图像结构相似度和图像色差上都比其他算法稍好。因此,面向影像地图色域映射算法能提高影像地图的映射质量,可同时保护影像地图影像细节和矢量符号色彩。     

Quantitative assessment of the contribution of climate variability and human activity to streamflow alteration in Dongting Lake,China

Climate variability and human activity were regarded as two contributors to streamflow alteration. However, the contributions of the two factors were still unclear in Dongting Lake. Therefore, it was crucial to quantify the relative impact of climate variability and human activity on streamflow alteration. The time series (1961–2010) was divided into three periods, namely, natural period (1961–1980), change period I (1981–2002) and change period II (2003–2010). Sensitivity analysis based on Budyko‐type equations was applied to reveal the contributions of climate variability and human activity in those two change periods, respectively. The results showed that during the change period I, climate variability was the main factor responsible for streamflow alteration in most parts of Dongting Lake, accounting for 60.07–67.27%. However, the impact of climate variability was slightly smaller than that of human activity in West Dongting Lake (the former accounting for 43.20% while the latter accounting for 56.80%). For the change period II, human activity was the dominate factor for streamflow alteration, accounting for 58.89–78.33%. The impact of climate variability gradually decreased while the impact of human activity gradually increased. Along with the intensification of the human activity, the impact of it became more dominant. The results could provide a reference for water resources planning and management decisions. Under the condition of uncontrollable climatic factor, effective measures should be put forward in controlling human activity, such as reservoir/dam operation, closed management of protected area and so on. Besides, it is essential to study the impact of climate variability on future water resources and water resource management under different climate change scenarios. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Temporal variation of over‐bank flooding of Wei River and its impact on a riparian wetland in Xi'an,China

Over‐bank flooding is one of the driving forces controlling ecological integrity of riparian wetlands. Indentifying natural over‐bank flooding regime and its temporal variations is crucial for developing conservation and restoration plans and making water resources management policies for these ecosystems. Along the midstream of the Wei River in Xi'an, China lies the Jingwei riparian wetland, which was well preserved until the 1970s. Based on historical record of hydrological and morphological data of the Wei River from 1951 to 2000, we analysed temporal variations of over‐bank flooding frequency, duration, and timing in this paper. The natural annual over‐bank flooding regime was identified as having an occurrence frequency of 2·2 times a year and average duration of 5·3 days; these flooding events typically occur between June and September with occasional occurrence in late spring and late autumn. Over‐bank flooding occurrence frequency and duration decreased significantly during the 1990s, seasonal events of over‐bank floods were changed through reduced flooding frequency during summer and disappearing flooding events in late spring and late autumn. Further investigations showed that reduced discharge in the Wei River was the principal cause for these changes in over‐bank flooding dynamics. Our analysis also showed that decreased discharge of the Wei River during the 1990s was attributed near equally to disturbances from human activities and decreased regional precipitation. Results from this study may help reestablish natural over‐bank flooding dynamics in order to ensure successful restoration of Jingwei riparian wetland. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

上海城市地貌环境的致灾性

随着城市化和再城市化的快速发展,上海城市地貌环境呈现出明显的致灾性。通过从地貌物质、地貌过程和地貌形态三方面进行了剖析,认为地貌物质中含水沙层广泛发育和层数多是地貌灾害发生的重要因素,其横向上的不连续性、成因和形成时间的差异性更为地貌灾害的发生埋下阴影;地势低平及中心城区碟形洼地的存在使得洪水构成对上海城市安全的最大威胁;高强度人类活动不仅改变城市自然地貌面(下垫面)的性质、特征和规模,而且直接导致它的沉降变形,从而使城市地貌环境更为脆弱和致灾机制的复杂化。特别是地貌形变过程的不可逆性,已引起城市自然地理其它要素(如水文、气候等)的一系列变化和造成城市生态环境的恶化,对城市规划建设起到明显的制约作用。上海只有重视城市地貌资源的合理利用和城市地貌环境的有效保护才能走上健康、持续的发展道路。     

安徽省新石器和夏商周时代遗址时空分布与人地关系的初步研究

安徽省新石器早期遗址有淮北的小山口和江南的沟汀,该时期淮河流域的聚落多于长江流域。新石器中期,考古发掘的野生动物骨骼和孢粉分析表明聚落周围是一个河湖密布、森林草原并存的生态环境。新石器晚期,古人已能分辨土壤的优劣并很可能会利用环境条件改善土壤的不良特性;蒙城尉迟寺遗址的剖面分析表明,环境只是古聚落分布和数量变化的基础因素,生产力的因素也在起作用,因为长时间的持续降温和夏初的大洪水侵袭。夏商周时期全省聚落总数增加,但淮北平原因为长时间的持续降温和夏初的大洪水侵袭,聚落大规模缩减。皖中和皖南的丘陵山地地貌使那里所受洪灾较轻,灾后这些地区因热量条件好使聚落迅速发展起来。新聚落大多建在利于农业生产、能躲避洪水的地方。     

科尔沁沙地自然与人为因素对沙漠化影响的累加效应分析

采用滑动平均法分析了科尔沁沙地年平均温度、年降水量(代表自然因素)和耕地指数、草场载畜量(代表人为因素)对沙漠化影响的累加效应。结果表明,年平均温度和年降水量的累加作用持续的时间较短(在4a之内),其中年平均温度对沙漠化影响的累加效应作用在2a最大,但作用不明显;年降水量对沙漠化的影响以4a最高,累加效应最明显,关联系数为0.801,而且二者之间有较显著的回归关系。年降水量和年平均温度的波动特点是决定累加作用时间和影响强度的关键。代表人为因素的耕地指数和草场载畜量对沙漠化影响的累加效应都比较明显、作用持续的时间较长(大于8a),其中耕地指数对沙漠化的影响以7a的累加效应最明显;草场载畜量对沙漠化的影响以10a的累加效应最明显,耕地指数和草场载畜量与沙漠化之间存在着较显著的回归关系。人口持续增长导致的对资源环境压力的增大是耕地指数和草场载畜量对沙漠化影响产生累加效应的根本原因。     

2000年来塔里木盆地南缘绿洲环境演变

塔里木盆地是中国最大的内陆盆地,其南缘是中国生态环境最脆弱的地区。考古资料、历史文献及古气候信息均表明,2 000 a来该区生态环境发生了巨大变化,这种变化以绿洲时空演变和沙漠面积扩张为主要特征,导致了历史上许多著名古城镇的废弃和'丝绸之路'南道的南移。本文分析了2 000 a来绿洲的分布与演化规律,并探讨了其自然及人为原因,指出20世纪以前绿洲的演变主要是在自然因素特别是气候干旱化影响下逐步形成的,而本世纪绿洲沙漠化和环境退化则主要是在干旱大背景下人类活动的结果。为防止本区现有绿洲进一步沙漠化及环境退化,应合理使用水土资源、调整大农业结构、开发优势资源、保护天然绿洲。     

洞庭湖演变趋势探讨

洞庭湖的演变主要受构造沉降、泥沙淤积和人类活动影响三大因素的控制。目前 ,洞庭湖盆的构造沉降速率虽然较低 (3～ 10mm/a) ,但构造沉降量仍抵消了部分泥沙淤积量 ,在一定程度上抑制了洞庭湖日益萎缩的趋势。由于湖盆中泥沙淤积速率大于构造沉降速率 ,洲滩会继续发育和扩展 ,洞庭湖仍保持淤高的趋势。在“4 35 0工程”完成和三峡建坝后 80年内 ,湖盆泥沙淤积速率将降低到 1 79mm/a ,洞庭湖不断淤高的趋势将得到减缓。     

人类活动引起的我国西北地区21世纪温度和降水变化情景分析

使用IPCCWG1第三次科学评估报告中给出的7个全球气候系统模式的模拟预测结果,分析了人类活动对中国西北地区气候变化的影响.模拟结果表明,由于温室气体增加(GG)或温室气体与硫化物气溶胶(GS)增加,21世纪西北地区气温将可能平均变暖42～60℃·100a^-1.降水的变化较为复杂,由于温室气体的影响,未来西北地区降水将增加;考虑温室气体和硫化物气溶胶的共同影响,则略有增加.模式平均结果表明,未来西北地区降水将可能增加15～39mm·100a^-1.     

论地理学面临的挑战与发展

地理科学研究地球表层系统特定时空层次下的系统有序度和变化。其发展正面临着几大挑战:①地球表层系统的复杂性难以精确定量描述;②人地关系变化速度超过人类认识与预警能力;③地球表层系统的模糊性与科学价值精确性存在矛盾;④地理学与其它学科的竞争剧烈;21世纪地理学研究主要趋势:①地理学研究人文化;②界面研究将成为自然地理研究热点;③全球研究是地理学重大题材;④地理学研究生态化;⑤山地研究将成为地理学重大领域;为着地理学的顺利发展,建议:①造就地理学思想家和战略家;②进行地理学方法论的集成和创新;③寻找适合各时代认识水平的定量化方法;④重点突出与人类命运攸关的重大课题,创立有震撼性、权威性的理论和成果。