人类活动干预后的塔里木河水资源持续利用问题*

人类活动的加剧,使干旱区河流原有的水文状态发生了很大变化.而如何持续利用变化后的地表水资源,是保证干旱区持续发展的前提之一.该文分析了人类活动对新疆塔里木河流域水文干预的后果,认为人类活动使河流下游径流量减少,水量的时空分布改变,径流规律趋于复杂化.指出,维持一定的河流水量,整治河道和改变用水模式是持续利用塔里木河水资源的保证.     

湿润地区的荒漠化

本文根据类似荒漠境况的出现是判断荒漠化发生与否的重要标志这一原则,并结合在中国南方开展的一些研究,对湿润地区的荒漠化进行了初步的探讨。研究表明,湿润地区的荒漠化并不包含所有存在侵蚀作用的退化土地,而专指人为侵蚀作用导致的出现了具类似荒漠境况的退化土地。中国南方湿润地区土地荒漠化分布最显著的特征为斑点状分布于丘陵山区或河、湖、海滨的冲积平原,面积为1．98×105km²,其中流水作用导致的荒漠化面积为1．78×105km²,风力作用的为0．11×105km²,其它0．09×105km²。自然因素,特别是气候和地貌因素对荒漠化的形成和发展起着积极的影响作用,但不是决定作用。人为不合理的经济活动,才是造成荒漠化的主要原因。文章最后还简要介绍了湿润地区荒漠化的防治问题。     

Public preferences for policy intervention to protect public health from maritime activities: A 14 European country study

Marine ecosystems provide a wide range of goods and services that directly and indirectly benefit economies and support human health and wellbeing. However, these ecosystems are vulnerable to anthropogenic influences such as climate change, pollution and habitat destruction. The European Union (EU) recognises the role of the blue economy in providing jobs and contributing to economic growth, with the EU Integrated Maritime Policy being a cross-sectoral framework within which maritime activities are managed and coordinated. Sustainability is a central tenet, ensuring that sectors such as aquaculture and offshore wind energy, which are earmarked for growth, must develop in ways that do not negatively impact the health of the marine environment. However, there is currently little consideration of how these activities might impact public health. The current research used survey data from 14 European countries to explore public perceptions of these issues, broadly focusing on 10 maritime activities, with a specific focus on five activities related to the EU’s 2012 Blue Growth Strategy. The respondents appreciated the interconnections between these maritime activities, environmental protection and public health, as well as the potential trade-offs. Preferences for policy intervention to protect public health from different activities were predicted by both marine contact (marine sector employment, recreational activities) and socio-demographic (political attitudes, gender, age) variables, potentially aiding future engagement and communication initiatives. Substantive differences observed across countries in terms of policy preferences for different activities, however, warn against generalising for the European population as a whole.     

A preliminary study on vegetation-erosion dynamics and its applications

The development of vegetation in mountainous and hilly areas depends on the local climate, precipitation, soil texture, parent material, topography, soil erosion, types of land use and human activities. Among them, soil erosion is an important natural factor and impacts the vegetation development directly and indirectly, changing the morphology and even changing the cli-mate. An erosion-induced efflux of carbon is about 1.14 billion tons per year totally from soil to the at-mosphere, which gen…     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

海洋生物提取物“KEMH”研究──对57例体外培养不同人癌细胞的杀伤作用

报导一种海洋生物提取物“ＫＥＭＨ”对５７例体外培养的不同人癌细胞杀伤作用的实验。结果表明：“ＫＥＭＨ”对体外培养的人癌细胞有很强的杀伤作用,癌细胞对“ＫＥＭＨ”的敏感度总有效率达５５．４％。本文以１０例以上者按不同癌细胞对“ＫＥＭＨ”的敏感度进行分组统计,指出“ＫＥＭＨ”对肺癌细胞的杀伤率最高,为９４％;对乳癌细胞为６８％;对胃癌细胞为５３．１％．与对照组比较,Ｐ值差异性显著。与常规较有效的抗癌药环磷酰胺,盐酸阿霉素等五种药物比较,“ＫＥＭＨ”比这五种药物对癌细胞具较高的杀伤作用。     

中国主要河流的输沙量及其影响因素

本文选择了中国 4 0余条重要河流 ,并对这些河流多年来平均输沙量及其环境因素资料进行分析 ,发现黄河及其支流的输沙量很大 ,这主要是由于流域干燥的气候、松散的黄土层以及人类开垦活动加剧等原因造成的。对中国河流输沙量影响较大的因素是河流的径流量、干旱指数、最高海拔和人为活动。而流域年均降雨量、年均气温、相对高差、森林覆盖率等的影响则不明显。与世界主要流域输沙量的影响因子相比 ,中国主要河流输沙量受到人类活动和干旱指数的影响较为显著。在相关数据分析的基础上 ,提出了中国主要河流产沙量的估算模式 ,即 log Ds=0 .185 2 log H+0 .3989log R+0 .0 80 3log Q+0 .16 39log Cult+3.0 6 89,模式得到了较好的验证 ,但有待进一步完善。     

Community volunteer assessment of recreational water quality in the Hutt River,Wellington

ABSTRACT

Water is an important component of many recreational opportunities and New Zealand invests significant resources in recreational water quality (RWQ) monitoring to assess risks to public health. However, monitoring primarily focuses on microbiological hazards and RWQ is considerably broader than this. The goal of this study was to take a comprehensive approach to evaluating RWQ while exploring the potential for greater public involvement in monitoring. A popular river swimming site was co-monitored weekly by volunteers and a council field officer. The attributes monitored–water temperature, visual clarity, benthic cyanobacteria and filamentous periphyton cover, E. coli and rubbish–were identified from a volunteer workshop. There was good concordance between volunteer and council data suggesting that volunteer measurements can be considered reliable. This highlights the potential for volunteers, with professional support, including training and quality assurance, to extend council RWQ surveillance to additional monitoring sites while improving public engagement on water management.     

云南属都湖流域人类活动的湖泊沉积响应

通过对属都湖Esdr1孔沉积物粒度、磁化率等指标研究,利用137Cs建立年代标尺,结合文献和降水数据讨论了人类活动对湖泊沉积环境的影响。结果表明:17~14 cm(1958—1970年)沉积物中粗颗粒的砂含量和磁化率值急剧增加,分析应是20世纪50年代末流域大面积砍伐森林,强烈的水土流失所致;14~8 cm(1970—1988年)沉积物粒径变细,磁化率值降低,指示流域植被逐渐恢复,流域侵蚀减弱;8~0 cm(1988年至今)沉积物黏土含量升高、砂含量降低,应是湖泊出口处修建的水坝改变了湖泊水动力条件所致。     

浙江省滩涂资源的动态变化分析

科学合理地开发、利用和保护滩涂这一重要资源,可有效地保障土地安全、缓解浙江省用地需求矛盾.要想合理地开发利用滩涂资源,首先必须了解它的属性及特点.从围垦历史及滩涂的开发现状、滩涂资源面积的动态变化、不同时期的海图对比、泥沙来源以及人类活动对滩涂淤涨速率的影响等方面进行论述,归纳得出浙江省滩涂资源的动态再生性规律.