Gradients,Property Templates,and Land Use Change

The scarcity of historical individual-level data makes understanding historic land use decisions and the influence of physiochemical gradients on these decisions difficult. Here, we present several measures of early property agricultural quality based on commonly available data, including elevation and soil type. These analyses demonstrate the influence of physiochemical gradients on initial land division patterns in the Gywnns Falls watershed (Baltimore, Maryland). Moreover, we examine the influence of the template created by early property decisions on continuing human-driven landscape dynamics. This influence is illustrated by 1900-era forest cover patterns, park locations, and modern transportation networks.     

Introductory Human Geography Textbook Representations of Africa

This article analyzes representations of Africa found in ten introductory human geography textbooks. Recent research in communications studies cites the common tendencies of the U.S. media to represent Africa in rhetorical tropes of disaster that are ahistorical and rife with geographical abstraction and misrepresentation. The main textbooks in geography tend to avoid ahistorical and geographical simplification, yet they often repeat stereotypes and misleading media imagery concerning Africa. A broad body of works by geographers in the last decade that offers critical scholarly analysis of both African crises and African everyday life is generally underrepresented in the discipline's introductory textbooks, although some encouraging exceptions do exist to that generalization. It is suggested that geographers need to critically re-examine the ways in which African examples are utilized to teach fundamentals of human geography.     

COMMENTS ON “SPATIAL VARIATION OF HILLSLOPE PROFILES IN THE CUMBERLAND PLATEAU,KENTUCKY” BY EDMUND B. WOOOS

Book Reviewed in this article:

Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns. Barbara Ruth Bailey.

Food Politics: The Regional Conflict. David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey, eds.

The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World. R. Ballance, J. Ansari and H. Singer.

Neighborhoods in Urban America. Ronald H. Bayor, ed.

The English Heartland. By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale.

Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy. Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande, eds.

Tension Areas of the World. D. Gordon Bennett, ed.

Latin America: an Introductory Survey. B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet, eds.

Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem. Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas, eds.

Energy and Land Use. Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin, eds.

Slopes and Weathering. Michael Clarke and John Small.

Alaska's Rural Development. Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald McBeath, eds.

The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America. Galen Cranz.

World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings. Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery, eds.

Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography. Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken.

Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development. T. Scarlett Epstein.

South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development. T. J. D. Fair.

Institutions and Geographical Patterns. Robin Flowerdew, ed.

Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas. Howard F. Gregor.

Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s. Patsy Healy, Glen McDougall and Michael J. Thomas, eds.

Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response. Jeffrey R. Henig.

The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective. R. J. Johnston.

Climate, History and the Modern World. Hubert H. Lamb.

Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man. T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer.

China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935. Ernest P. Liang.

A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective. Robert S. Livingston, T. D. Anderson, T. M. Besmann, M. Olszewski, A. M. Perry, and C. D. West.

Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille. B. S. Mac Aodha, ed.

Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility. Hal S. Maggied.

Land Uses in American Cities. Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves.

Industrial Organisation and Location. Philip McDermott and Michael Taylor.

Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran.

Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor. Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas, eds.

The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada:

Urbanization and Environmental Quality. Isao Orishimo.

The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise. John Prest.

Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens. Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke.

Contest for the South China Sea. Marwyn S. Samuels.

The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values. Richard C. Smardon, ed.

Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen.

The Geography of Multinationals. Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift, eds.

Impact of Marine Pollution on Society. Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester.

Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham. Jerry A. Webman.

Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942. Robert C. West, ed.

Cartographic Drawing with Computers. P. Yoeli.     

沉积物微量金属元素在重建水体环境变化中的意义

沉积物所记录的微量金属含量与形态的变化是指示人类活动影响下水体环境变化的有效指标,主要用于指示沉积物重金属污染、水体初级生产力变化和氧化还原条件等方面的水体环境状况。总体而言,沉积物中微量金属含量在近一个世纪以来显著上升,反映了采矿、冶金、污水排放、化肥使用、煤炭和石油燃烧等各种人类活动造成水体和沉积物重金属污染的记录作为浮游植物微量营养元素,Cu、Zn、Ni、Ba、Cd等在沉积物中的记录可以指示水体初级生产力水平。U、Mo、V、Cu、Cd、Mn等氧化还原敏感元素在沉积物中的富集或贫化,及其比值(如Re/Mo、Cd/U、Th/U和V/Sc)的变化,是指示水体和沉积物氧化还原环境的有效指标。但需要指出的是,在受人类活动影响的水体中,这些生产力和氧化还原指标很少能指示水体生产力或氧化还原状况,可能主要与人类活动同时造成这些金属元素大量污染输入而掩盖了其自生来源和内在变化的沉积记录有关。所以,对沉积物中微量金属元素来源的判别(陆源碎屑输入、人为输入和水体自生来源)是重建水体环境变化的重要前提。本文总结了多种化学和统计学方法(包括同位素示踪法、化学提取法、富集因子法和主成分分析法等)在沉积物金属来源判别中的应用另外,成岩作用等多种因素会干扰沉积物金属记录对环境变化的指示作用,所以构建多元素指标来综合判断沉积物记录所反映的环境信息是今后的研究所必须关注的     

青藏高原南部枪勇冰川雪冰中痕量元素的组成特征及其环境意义

为了认识青藏高原南部雪冰中痕量元素的组成特征、背景含量水平以及人为污染的可能影响,利用高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱仪首次对2009年4月19日采自枪勇冰川一个40 cm 雪坑中 Al、 Fe、 Ba、 Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Li、Ni、Zn、Pb、Sb、Sr、U 和 V 共15个痕量元素的浓度进行了测试和研究.分析表明,不同痕量元素之间浓度变化很大,从 Cd 的0.004 ng/g 变化到 Fe 的8628 ng/g;同一痕量元素的浓度变化范围也较大,最大值/最小值从13(Cd)变化到94(Sr).研究表明,不同痕量元素记录反映了人类活动与自然活动的不同影响.对痕量元素地壳富集系数分析表明,岩石和土壤粉尘是 Ba、Fe、Sr、Co、Cr、V 和 U 的主要来源;而人为污染是枪勇冰川中 Pb、Zn、Cu、Li、Ni、Cd 和 Sb 的一个重要来源.对比研究表明,无论是以粉尘源为主要来源的痕量元素,还是以人为源为主要来源的痕量元素,它们的浓度明显高于中亚有关地区冰川中痕量元素的浓度,更远远地高于格陵兰和南极雪冰中的相应浓度,揭示了该地区大气中痕量元素受到粉尘和人为源污染物带来的显著影响     

郭子章地理学著述成就述论

明万历朝的军事家、政治家郭子章,战功卓著,政绩突出,也是一位成就出色的大学者,其地理学尤其是历史人文地理方面的著述极为丰富。渊博的知识、非凡的经历,加上严谨的治学精神,造就了其地理学著述的价值。其地理学著述中,《郡县释名》是我国历史上最早的一部专门注释地名渊源的著作,在地名学史上占有重要地位;《黔记》、《豫章书》等大量方志,涉及江西、贵州等省之自然、人文地理内容;此外,郭子章在西南民族地区行政区划方面的探索与实践也在《黔草》等地方文献中多有体现。这些地理学著述为研究郭子章地理学思想、历代地名沿革、明代西南地区自然和人文地理提供了宝贵的资料。     

Empowerment of an Aging Population and Rural Women Farmers: a Small Business Model-A Japanese Case Study

Using the combined approach of questionnaire and semi-structured interview, this study aims to examine the characteristics of a small agricultural business, and benefits perceived by the participants, and challenges. The “multi-industrial system” regional initiative for creating new high-value-added businesses project encourages rural residents to commercialize their surplus agricultural and forestry products, such as pickled or dried wild and cultivated plants. Knowledgeable older people, women farmers in particular, are motivated to market their vegetables directly to the urban market, and their home-processed wild plants to local restaurants and hotels. It found that the older people involved in the business considered that their health and economic situation had been improved through participating in vegetable cultivation and sales. Some lessons from this case study can be identified: the empowerment of older people and women farmers, through active interaction with the market and learning new technologies, including internet-based information search strategies.     

长江干流悬浮物中元素相态组成与环境指示

三峡水库蓄水后长江中下游干流和水库内悬浮物地球化学组成如何变化是一个重要科学问题。相态分析表明,在长江重庆至南通段干流悬浮沉积物中,不同元素在酸不溶相和酸溶相所占比例不同,且存在一定的区域变化,Ca和Mg在酸溶相中比例相当高,而Al、Fe、K、Na等元素主要赋存于酸不溶相中。长江悬浮沉积物元素组成的空间变化特征主要受流域风化物质的来源、风化程度和水动力环境控制。重金属元素组成研究显示,在三峡库区及下游地区由于受人类活动影响,Pb、Zn、Co、Cu等在悬浮沉积物中呈现明显的累积趋势。三峡水库内沉积动力环境的不均一性导致水体中元素组成的垂向变化。     

人居环境研究的信息论科学基础及其图谱意象系统

从人居环境研究的系统性、融贯性内在要求出发,结合信息论、人居环境科学、地学信息图谱及城市意象理论的基本观点,本文对人居环境研究的内容和流程进行了信息论解读;结合城市意象的认识论逻辑,本文提出了基于信息论观点的人居环境意象及人居环境信息图谱意象系统概念,为人居环境研究提供了一种方法论思维模型。本文认为对人居环境研究的信息论解读包含信息本体界定、信息流向界定和信息流内容及其度量方式界定三大论域,可以此为基础派生人居环境信息主体、客体、载体以及正向信息流、反向信息流、信息立方体和人居环境信息熵等概念;论文在全面继承并充分融合人居环境科学及地学信息图谱理论的基础上提出了人居环境信息图谱的基本概念系统,认为人居环境信息图谱是3 大模块(自然环境、社会环境、人工环境)、3 大层次(宏观、中观、微观)、3 种类型(征兆图谱、诊断图谱、实施图谱) 和3 种维度(空间维度、时间维度和时空综合维度) 的融贯综合。该概念系统的提出和实现将会为人居环境研究提供一个数字化的模拟、实验、分析、控制平台。     

基尼系数在人居环境气候评价中的运用

气候适宜度评价是进行科学人居环境建设的基本依据之一.在目前的人居环境气候适宜度研究中,缺乏对气候要素时间分布均匀度的研究.文中尝试借鉴经济学中用于评价社会财富分配平等程度的基尼系数,实现人居环境气候各要素时间分布均匀度的量化评价,结合人居环境气候要素的平均状态与权重,建立了人居环境气候适宜度评价模型.昆明市人居环境气候适宜度的评价实例取得了良好的评价效果,说明了评价模型的客观性与有效性.