信息时代的地理学与人文地理学创新

在分析信息技术与地理学相关研究的基础上,重点讨论了中国人文地理学的发展与创新问题,包括基于大数据应用的方法革新、流动空间分析的框架、人地关系理论体系与应用研究等内容。未来中国人文地理学的发展,一方面要打破传统的学科框架,积极吸纳相关学科理论、方法和技术方面的创新成果,构建信息时代人文地理学理论与方法体系;另一方面,要立足中国国情与特色,紧扣国家战略,增强人文地理解决问题的能力,加强面向问题的综合应用研究。     

百年SSCI看国际人文地理学的发展特点与规律——基于73种人文地理类期刊的文献计量分析

从文献总量、文献类型、成长趋势、关键词、作者、国家与机构等方面,对1900-2012年SSCI收录的73种人文地理期刊的144719条文献记录,进行了较为全面的文献计量分析,包括:构建作者评价指标体系以分析作者对人文地理研究的学术贡献,利用网络图分析各阶段作者、国家与机构之间合作的网络关系等。研究表明:1百年来,人文地理发文量总体呈快速上升趋势,但占SSCI发文总量的比重却呈下降趋势;2英美一直引领全球人文地理研究及其发展;3人文地理学有明显研究热点主题,包括地方性、迁移、性别、旅游、规划等,研究注重地理与政治的结合,以及对GIS和RS为代表的地理信息技术的采借;研究热点区域集中在英、美两国,尤以其特大城市为重点,中国的部分城市近十年来也受到较多关注;4人文地理学作者分布有明显阶段性特征,并形成了以Johnston R J、Thrift N、Sayer A、Jackson P、Harvey D等为中心的学术高产核心作者群。本研究对揭示人文地理学发展的特征和趋势有较好的参考借鉴。     

Dancing with wolves: Making legal territory in a more-than-human world

As human codings of animals are often simultaneously legal and spatial, it may be useful to bring together the animal geographies literature and scholarship on legal geography. Through a case study set in southwest Finland, we explore the emergent and fraught entanglements of wolves, humans and sheep, characterizing the attempts at the regulation of the wolf as entailing tense biopolitical calculations between the contradictory legal imperatives of biodiversity and biosecurity. Under the former, the wolf must be made to live; under the latter, it may need to die. These are worked out in and productive of two territorial configurations: the everyday spaces of encounter (real or imagined) between wolf and human, and the propertied territories of sheep farming. While human imperatives and anxieties are clearly central to these spatializations, we also seek to give the wolf its due, noting its important role in the making of legal territories. The coproduction of law and space, we conclude, offers important ethical lessons for humans in their relations to the wolf, as well as directing us to the need for more capacious thinking regarding territory.     

Recurrent spring‐fed rivers in a Middle to Late Pleistocene semi‐arid grassland: Implications for environments of early humans in the Lake Victoria Basin,Kenya

The effect of changing palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment on human evolution during the Pleistocene is debated, but hampered by few East African records directly associated with archaeological sites prior to the Last Glacial Maximum. Middle to Late Pleistocene deposits on the shoreline of eastern Lake Victoria preserve abundant vertebrate fossils and Middle Stone Age arte‐facts associated with riverine tufas at the base of the deposits, which are ideal for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. New data from tufas identified on Rusinga Island and on the mainland near Karungu, Kenya are provided from outcrop, thin sections, mineralogical, stable isotopic and U‐series dating analyses. Tufa is identified in four sites: Nyamita (94·0 ± 3·3 and 111·4 ± 4·2 ka); Kisaaka, Aringo (455 ± 45 ka); and Obware. The age ranges of these tufa deposits demonstrate that spring‐fed rivers were a recurrent, variably preserved feature on the Pleistocene landscape for ca 360 kyr. Poor sorting of clastic facies from all sites indicates flashy, ephemeral discharge, but these facies are commonly associated with barrage tufas, paludal environments with δ¹³C values of ca 10‰ indicative of C₃ plants and fossil Hippopotamus, all of which indicate a perennial water source. Other tufa deposits from Nyamita, Obware and Aringo have a mixed C₃/C₄ signature consistent with a semi‐arid C₄ grassland surrounding these spring‐fed rivers. The δ¹⁸O values of tufa from Nyamita are on average ca 1‰ more negative than calcite precipitated from modern rainfall in the region, suggesting greater contribution of depleted monsoonal input, similar to the Last Glacial Maximum. Microdebitage and surface‐collected artefacts indicate that early modern humans were utilizing these spring‐fed rivers. The presence of spring?fed rivers would have afforded animals a reliable water source, sustaining a diverse plant and animal community in an otherwise arid environment.     

Exploring nationally and regionally defined models for large area population mapping

Interactions between humans, diseases, and the environment take place across a range of temporal and spatial scales, making accurate, contemporary data on human population distributions critical for a variety of disciplines. Methods for disaggregating census data to finer-scale, gridded population density estimates continue to be refined as computational power increases and more detailed census, input, and validation datasets become available. However, the availability of spatially detailed census data still varies widely by country. In this study, we develop quantitative guidelines for choosing regionally-parameterized census count disaggregation models over country-specific models. We examine underlying methodological considerations for improving gridded population datasets for countries with coarser scale census data by investigating regional versus country-specific models used to estimate density surfaces for redistributing census counts. Consideration is given to the spatial resolution of input census data using examples from East Africa and Southeast Asia. Results suggest that for many countries more accurate population maps can be produced by using regionally-parameterized models where more spatially refined data exists than that which is available for the focal country. This study highlights the advancement of statistical toolsets and considerations for underlying data used in generating widely used gridded population data.     

Trend and change-point analyses of streamflow and sediment discharge in the Yellow River during 1950–2005

Abstract

The objectives of this work are: (a) to statistically test and quantify the decreasing trends of streamflow and sediment discharge of the Yellow River in China during 1950–2005, (b) to identify change points or transition years of the decreasing trends, and (c) to diagnose whether the decreasing trends were caused by precipitation changes or human intervention, or both. The results show that significant decreasing trends in annual streamflow and sediment discharge have existed since the late 1950s at three stations located in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the Yellow River (P?=?0.01). Change-point analyses further revealed that transition years existed and that rapid decline in streamflow and sediment discharge began in 1985 in most parts of the basin (P?=?0.05). Adoption of conservation measures in the 1980s and 1990s corroborates the identified transition years. Double-mass curves of precipitation vs streamflow (sediment) for the periods before and after the transition years show remarkable decreases in proportionality of streamflow (sediment) generation. All percentiles of streamflow and sediment discharge after the transition years showed rapid reduction. In the absence of significantly decreasing precipitation trends, it is concluded that the decreasing trends were very likely caused by human intervention. Relative to the period before the transition, human intervention during 1985–2005 reduced cumulative streamflow by 13.5, 14.3 and 24.6% and cumulative sediment discharge by 29.0, 24.8 and 26.5%, at Toudaoguai, Huayuankou and Lijin, respectively, showing the quantitative conservation effect in the basin.

Citation Gao, P., Zhang, X.-C., Mu, X.-M., Wang, F., Li, R. & Zhang, X. (2010) Trend and change-point analyses of streamflow and sediment discharge in the Yellow River during 1950–2005. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(2), 275–285.     

吉林省桦甸市人类活动诱发地质灾害现状及防治措施

桦甸市是吉林省重要的矿业、水利、交通发达地区与枢纽之一,长期的人类活动,诱发了山体崩塌、滑坡、地面塌陷等地质灾害。本文在调查编制《桦甸市地质灾害防治"十二五"规划》基础上,针对人类活动诱发地质灾害的现状及防治措施提出粗浅看法。     

冀中南平原土壤碘地球化学特征研究

对冀中南平原土壤碘的地球化学分布特征及其控制因素的研究表明,冀中南平原滨海盐土和沼泽土中碘含量最高,白洋淀湖泊沼泽相和沧州东部的滨海平原深层土壤碘含量较高,而太行山中段滹沱河冲积扇平原、漳河冲积扇平原深层土壤碘含量较低,显示沉积环境是控制土壤碘区域分布的重要因素。研究认为土壤碘的分布特征受自然因素和人为因素的影响,以自然因素为主,表层土壤碘受到较大的人为因素影响。     

珠江磨刀门河口潮波振幅梯度与上下游动力边界的关系异变研究

强人类活动目前已经成为河口演变的主要动力。阐明流量驱动下河控型河口潮波传播演变过程及机制,对河口治理及人类活动的影响评价具有重要指导意义。以珠江磨刀门河口为例,研究了径潮动力阶段性演变特征。采用流量驱动的R_TIDE数据驱动模型探究了该区潮波振幅梯度和上下游动力边界(即上游流量和口门振幅)关系的变化规律。结果表明,在强人类活动影响下,各潮位站M₂分潮振幅明显上升(三灶站除外),且具有季节性差异和阶段性变化,灯笼山-马口河段的M₂分潮振幅沿程平均增大约0.07 m,河段潮波振幅梯度平均增大约4.61×10^–6 m^–1。研究潮波振幅梯度与上下游动力边界的阈值的关系表明,阈值效应主要出现在甘竹-马口河段。在强人类活动影响下,潮波振幅梯度阈值增大,相应的流量阈值增大,而振幅阈值基本不变。在达到振幅阈值之前,由于底床摩擦效应,大潮振幅衰减效应大于小潮,而在超过振幅阈值后,地形辐聚效应成为影响潮波振幅梯度变化的主要因素,大潮振幅衰减效应小于小潮。阈值的变化主要与流量、地形、摩擦等多因子耦合作用有关,当地形辐聚效应和底床摩擦效应达到平衡时,潮波振幅梯度与上下游动力边界之间则出现阈值效应。该现象的发现可为河口海岸防灾减灾和水资源管理等实际问题提供重要理论支撑。     

珠江磨刀门河口水位分布演变特征及其对人类活动的响应*

河口区水位受径流、潮汐、地形、人类活动等多因素影响, 其空间分布结构及变化复杂。作为河口动力结构的重要参数, 水位分布演变特征及机制的研究对水资源高效开发利用和河口治理具有重要指导意义。文章基于珠江磨刀门河口沿程马口、甘竹、江门、竹银、灯笼山和三灶6个测站1965—2016年月均余水位数据及马口站的月均流量数据, 分析人类活动影响下水位空间分布的异变, 采用双变量线性回归模型定量辨识水位分布异变的主要影响因素, 并初步讨论人类活动、动力结构、地形变化之间的相互耦合关系。结果表明, 基于平均水面形态变化参数(即曲率)可较好地指示河床冲淤变化趋势, 河段平均曲率为正, 指示河床趋于淤积, 曲率为负, 河床趋于冲刷侵蚀; 围垦、大规模挖沙、河道疏浚等强人类活动前, 磨刀门河口上、下段坡降大于中段(江门—甘竹段), 即中段存在一个水位坡降变缓的区域, 枯季低流量时中段水位坡降出现由海向陆方向的倒坡降, 强人类活动后, 余水位空间分布结构发生异变, 中段坡降增大、低流量时的逆坡降消失; 强人类活动引起的河床地形变化是磨刀门河口沿程水位空间形态发生变化的主要原因, 使口门段(三灶—竹银)和河口上段(甘竹—马口)水位曲率分别减小0.41×10^-4m·km^-2和1.04×10^-4m·km^-2, 河口中段(竹银—甘竹)水位曲率增大0.21×10^-4m·km^-2, 沿程曲率由正(下凹)-负(上凸)-正转变为负-正-负, 沿程河床也随之由淤积-冲刷-淤积趋势转变冲刷-淤积-冲刷趋势。