景区边缘型乡村旅游地人居环境演变特征及影响机制研究——以大南岳旅游圈为例

以系统论和人地关系理论为基础,从自组织性、周期性和波动性等3个方面总结了景区边缘型乡村旅游地人居环境的演变特征。以大南岳旅游圈为例,将旅游要素流的时空变换作为主要驱动因子,构建了景区边缘型乡村旅游地人居环境演变的动力模型,其演变过程经历了入侵、竞争、反应和调控4个阶段,每一个阶段的驱动力量和作用方式不同,所产生的人居效应有差异。其中,入侵过程可看做是旅游要素流的空间集聚对乡村旅游地人居环境的影响;竞争过程实质上是分化过程和共生过程的统一;反映过程是乡村旅游地人居环境系统对外界干扰的适应与调整;调控过程是厘清乡村人居环境时空格局与旅游发展过程之间的内在联系,寻求景区边缘型乡村旅游地人居环境建设路径。     

中国地理学界人居环境研究回顾与展望

人居环境作为人地关系研究的古老而又全新领域,伴随着中国城市化与工业化进程中的环境问题备受地理、建筑、城市规划等学科关注。利用文献计量方法梳理国内地理学16种期刊刊发的180篇有关人居环境研究论文,发现国内研究:1起步晚、发展缓慢,高层次研究成果少且增长慢,以城市内部实证研究为主、理论研究较少;2研究领域主要集中在人居环境的内涵与外延、城市或乡村人居环境评价指标体系与模型、宏观尺度地理环境的宜居性与中观层面城市人居环境分异及其理想模式构建和微观社区单元综合居住环境评价及规划实践等;3综合集成研究的方法体系探索尚未取得突破,当前常用方法中PSR模型和DPSIR模型主要以机理解析为目标,实体指标与主体问卷调查心理指标及经济学方法旨在确定人居环境评判标准体系,当然GIS空间聚类也成为近年运用热点。     

一种基于HVS和DFT的栅格地图自适应数字水印算法

提出了一种适于数字栅格地图版权保护的离散傅立叶变换域自适应数字水印嵌入算法。该算法通过对数字栅格地图进行分块傅立叶变换和频谱分析,结合人类视觉系统,能够自适应地确定地图的纹理区域,将水印信息以加性法则嵌入到纹理区域的傅立叶变换域中频系数内。不同分块大小的栅格地图水印算法具有不同的鲁棒性。对2×2、4×4和8×8分块的水印算法进行了比较分析,结果表明,2×2分块水印算法不仅具有较好的透明性,而且对诸如叠加噪声、JPEG压缩、几何裁剪、图像增强等攻击均具有更好的鲁棒性,整体性能优于4×4分块和8×8分块算法。     

Short‐term versus medium‐term monitoring for detecting gully‐erosion variability in a Mediterranean environment

This study investigates how medium‐term gully‐development data differ from short‐term data, and which factors influence their spatial and temporal variability at nine selected actively retreating bank gullies situated in four Spanish basin landscapes. Small‐format aerial photographs using unmanned, remote‐controlled platforms were taken at the gully sites in short‐term intervals of one to two years over medium‐term periods of seven to 13 years and gully change during each period was determined using stereophotogrammetry and a geographic information system. Results show a high variability of annual gully retreat rates both between gullies and between observation periods. The mean linear headcut retreat rates range between 0·02 and 0·26 m a^–1. Gully area loss was between 0·8 and 22 m² a^–1 and gully volume loss between 0·5 to 100 m³ a^–1, of which sidewall erosion may play a considerable part. A non‐linear relationship between catchment area and medium‐term gully headcut volume change was found for these gullies. The short‐term changes observed at the individual gullies show very high variability: on average, the maximum headcut volume change observed in 7–13 years was 14·3 times larger than the minimum change. Dependency on precipitation varies but is clearly higher for headcuts than sidewalls, especially in smaller and less disturbed catchments. The varying influences of land use and human activities with their positive or negative effects on runoff production and connectivity play a dominant role in these study areas, both for short‐term variability and medium‐term difference in gully development. The study proves the value of capturing spatially continuous, high‐resolution three‐dimensional data using small‐format aerial photography for detailed gully monitoring. Results confirm that short‐term data are not representative of longer‐term gully development and demonstrate the necessity for medium‐ to long‐term monitoring. However, short‐term data are still required to understand the processes – particularly human activity at varying time scales – causing fluctuations in gully erosion rates. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

人类活动对柳林泉域水文过程影响研究

20世纪50年代以后,柳林泉流量日益减少,人类活动成为其衰减的主要原因。通过分阶段应用灰色系统模型,定量地描述人类活动对柳林泉水文过程的影响。第一阶段(1957~1973年),柳林泉水流量只受自然条件的影响,第二阶段(1974~2009年)柳林泉水流量受自然条件和人类活动的双重影响。运用灰色关联分析和GM时滞模型,通过比较分析得到人类活动对柳林泉水文过程的影响。结果显示:人类活动导致泉水流量相对于降水量的时间滞后由0年增长到4年,即地下水压力波在传播过程中受到人类活动的干扰,强度被削弱,传播速度变缓。降水量对泉水流量的灰作用系数由第一阶段的1.127 2×10-2下降到了第二阶段的7.75×10-3,说明由于人类活动使降水量对泉水流量的补给强度减弱。     

Strengthening conceptual foundations: Analysing frameworks for ecosystem services and poverty alleviation research

A research agenda is currently developing around the linkages between ecosystem services and poverty alleviation. It is therefore timely to consider which conceptual frameworks can best support research at this nexus. Our review of frameworks synthesises existing research on poverty/environment linkages that should not be overlooked with the adoption of the topical language of ecosystem services. A total of nine conceptual frameworks were selected on the basis of relevance. These were reviewed and compared to assess their ability to illuminate the provision of ecosystem services, the condition, determinants and dynamics of poverty, and political economy factors that mediate the relationship between poverty and ecosystem services. The paper synthesises the key contributions of each of these frameworks, and the gaps they expose in one another, drawing out lessons that can inform emerging research. Research on poverty alleviation must recognize social differentiation, and be able to distinguish between constraints of access and constraints of aggregate availability of ecosystem services. Different frameworks also highlight important differences between categories of services, their pathways of production, and their contribution to poverty alleviation. Furthermore, we highlight that it is important to acknowledge the limits of ecosystem services for poverty alleviation, given evidence that ecosystem services tend to be more associated with poverty prevention than reduction. We conclude by reflecting on the relative merits of dynamic Social–Ecological Systems frameworks versus more static checklists, and suggest that research on ecosystem services and poverty alleviation would be well served by a new framework distilling insights from the frameworks we review.     

18世纪以来塔里木河干流河道变化及其与人类活动的关系

 塔里木河是南疆主要的经济生活水源,其河道变化会引起绿洲变化,从而导致人类活动发生变化。学者虽对历史时期的塔河变化有研究,但对18世纪以来的河道变化缺乏细致的研究,这一时期是人类活动对环境影响日益增多的时期。在野外考察基础上,借助历史文献、历史地图对塔河干流沙雅以上和以下段分别进行研究,结果显示,18世纪20年代,塔河干流分南河、北河; 18世纪50年代,南河与北河合为一条,沿北河位置行水; 至19世纪10年代,塔河干流南移,在南河(即大干河)位置行水; 以后至20世纪10年代,沙雅及其以上河段再次北移,沿北河位置行水,以下河段仍沿南河位置行水,称叶尔羌河或塔里木河。至迟在40年代中期,沙雅以下河段向北迁移,沿渭干河行水,形成现代塔里木河河道。20世纪以前河道变化主要受自然气候变化所导致的河水量变化及河流自身运行规律影响比较大,在河道淤积基础上,水量变化是河流改道的主要原因; 以后受人类农业生产的影响日益加大。     

黑河干流高崖断面径流变化及其模拟

 作为张掖市甘州区与临泽县之间的黑河干流的控制断面,高崖断面径流量变化反映了甘州区地表水、地下水、灌溉用水之间的转化特征。在定性分析黑河干流高崖断面径流组成的基础上,提出了河道渗漏和地下水溢出的简化模型,利用月引水比例刻画灌溉引水量的年内变化,以莺落峡径流量和典型观测孔水位为输入,对高崖断面的月径流量进行了模拟。模型重建的1989—2006年高崖断面月径流量NSE(Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency)系数达到0.88。所提出的方法充分考虑了河道水量适时变化条件下的河道渗漏行为以及人类活动的影响,是对高崖断面径流变化研究的一次积极探索。     

基于位置感知设备的人类移动研究综述

每个人在地理空间内的移动看似随机而没有规律,然而一个较大规模人群的移动却隐藏着特定的模式。为了研究某些地理问题,如交通、疾病传播等,可以从个体行为出发,在地理信息系统的支持下,发现人类移动模式,并构筑基于个体的模拟模型,从而建立微观和宏观之间的桥梁,并支持相应的决策过程。信息通讯技术的发展,一方面改变了人们的空间行为模式,另一方面使得基于位置感知设备获取海量人类移动数据成为可能。近年来,上述研究一直是地理信息科学及相关领域的热点,该文对此进行了总结和评述。     

气象与健康交叉融合发展及其概念演进

基于健康中国战略实施、应对气候变化和人口老龄化的现实需求,气象与健康交叉融合发展问题倍受关注。首先从哲学思想和医学理论的引领、生物气象学发展对理论形成的贡献、殊途切入内涵趋同的探索过程等方面就其发展历程进行了梳理与理性提升;然后,就气象与健康交叉学科发展中、尤其是作者团队新探究所提出的部分新概念进行了初步阐释,旨在抛砖引玉、吸引更多同行学者互动,促进此新兴交叉学科发展,更好地服务于全民大健康需求。