中国人居环境研究的总体特征及其知识图谱可视化分析

基于CNKI、CSCD文献搜索引擎，以及文献计量可视化工具，采用传统文献研究与知识图谱相结合的方法，对1992—2017年中国人居环境研究的总体特征与知识图谱进行了定量识别和全景式展现。结果发现：1）近25年来，中国人居环境研究发文数量显著增长，《建筑学报》《城市规划》《城市发展研究》等期刊是学者的主要科研阵地；2）研究的优势机构和团队主要集中在中国科学院地理与资源研究所，以及辽宁师范大学、清华大学等其他建筑、规划类和师范类院校；3）研究经费多元化趋势明显，国家级基金是最主要的来源。4）在研究热点方面，人居环境、居住环境、宜居城市、人类环境、可持续发展、居住空间等是学者长期重点关注的热点词汇。5）在研究主题与知识基础方面，相关研究内容广泛，主题尚不集中，城市人居环境、宜居城市、居住环境、农村人居环境、自然适宜性、居住生活满意度、人居环境科学、人口发展是受到关注较多的8个热点主题，其知识基础建立在31篇经典文献之上。6）在具体演进轨迹方面，相关研究的知识结构呈连续发展且彼此联系紧密的态势，发展脉络较为清晰，并具有较强的问题导向性和政策导向性；社会经济发展的阶段性和动态性，问题或政策的学科发展导向，以及学者间的合作交流、学科间的交叉融合、技术方法的革新与应用等是其演进的主要驱动力。     

Source of and potential bio-indicator for the heavy metal pollution in Ny-(A)lesund, Arctic

Three kinds of tundra plant samples including Dicranum angnstum(a type of boreal bryophyte) , PuccineUia phryganodes (a type of fringy p/ant),Salix polaris (a type of vascular plant) and surface soil were samples in 200 at Ny-Alesund of the Arctic.The levels of eight heavy metal elements (Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe and Mn) and three metal-like dements (As, Se, Sr) in the plant and soil samples of the areas within previous coal mining activities are significantly higher than those of other areas.The relative accumulation of these elements in these tundra plant samples is consistent with the one in the soft samples, especially in the areas affected by previous coal-mining activities.Thus, the pollution is apparently from local coal mining activity.Dicranum angustum has the highest concentrations among those elements, and it can be a good bio-indicator for heavy metal pollution in Ny(A)lesund.Though Ny(A)lesund is less polluted by heavy metal than nearby Northern European human living areas, but much more than the tundras of the Alaska, Greenland and the Antarctic.     

Evaluating the Process and Outcomes of Collaborative Conservation: Tools,Techniques, and Strategies

Abstract

Collaborative conservation has been touted as a viable option for addressing contentious natural resource stewardship issues in a way that represents the diverse voices impacted by, and involved in, conservation decisions. Engaging meaningfully in collaborative conservation involves overcoming a unique set of challenges while also realizing opportunities. In this special issue, we use the term collaborative conservation evaluation to encompass research and evaluation related to collaborative governance and collaborative natural resource management projects, programs, or decision-making processes that leverage a participatory approach, involve multiple stakeholders, and incorporate a range of contemporary evaluation approaches. Here, we provide a series of articles and tools intended to highlight different approaches to evaluation that utilize a variety of methodologies adapted for different contexts. We intend for these articles to spark further conversation and inspire future directions in evaluating collaborative conservation for researchers and practitioners.     

Land use changes,torrent control works and sediment mining: effects on channel morphology and sediment flux,case study of the Reno River (Northern Italy)

As with most Italian rivers, the Reno River has a long history of human modification, related also to morphological changes of the lower Po River since Roman times, but in the last decades, significant land use changes in the headwaters, dam construction, torrent control works and extensive bed material mining have caused important channel morphology and sediment budget changes. In this paper, two main types of channel adjustment, riverbed incision and channel narrowing, are analysed. Riverbed degradation is discussed by comparing four different longitudinal profiles surveyed in 1928, 1951, 1970 and 1998 in the 120 km long reach upstream of the outlet. The analysis of channel narrowing is carried out by comparing a number of cross‐sections surveyed in different years across the same downstream reach. Field sediment transport measurements of seven major floods that occurred between 2003 and 2006 are compared with the bedload transport rates predicted by the most renowned equations. The current low bedload yield is discussed in terms of sediment supply limited conditions due to land use changes, erosion‐control works and extensive and out of control bed material mining that have affected the Reno during the last decades. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Holocene vegetation and fire dynamics in the supra‐mediterranean belt of the Nebrodi Mountains (Sicily,Italy)

High‐resolution pollen, macrofossil and charcoal data, combined with accelerator mass spectrometry ¹⁴C dating and multivariate analysis, were used to reconstruct Holocene vegetation and fire dynamics at Urio Quattrocchi, a small lake in the supra‐mediterranean belt in the Nebrodi Mountains of Sicily (Italy). The data suggest that after 10 000 cal a BP increasing moisture availability supported closed forests with deciduous (Quercus cerris, Fagus sylvatica and Fraxinus spp.) and evergreen (Quercus ilex) species. Species‐rich closed forest persisted until 6850 cal a BP, when Neolithic activities caused a forest decline and affected plant diversity. Secondary forest with abundant Ilex aquifolium recovered between 6650 and 6000 cal a BP, indicating moist conditions. From 5000 cal a BP, agriculture and pastoralism led to the currently fragmented landscape with sparse deciduous forests (Quercus cerris). The study suggests that evergreen broadleaved species were more important at elevations above 1000 m a.s.l. before ca. 5000 cal a BP than subsequently, which might reflect less human impact or warmer‐than‐today climatic conditions between 10 000 and 5000 cal a BP. Despite land use since Neolithic times, deciduous supra‐mediterranean forests were never completely displaced from the Nebrodi Mountains, because of favourable moist conditions that persisted throughout the Holocene. Reconstructed vegetation dynamics document the absence of any pronounced mid‐ or late‐Holocene ‘aridification’ trend at the site, an issue which is controversially debated in Italy and the Mediterranean region. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

陕西古人类化石资源及其科学价值

自20世纪60年代发现蓝田直立人化石以来,陕西已经发现了8处更新世古人类化石地点,成为中国人类化石资源分布密集区之一。陕西古人类化石涵盖了直立人、早期智人至晚期智人的人类演化阶段,基本形成了一个较为连续的人类演化序列。在蓝田公王岭、蓝田陈家窝子、洛南龙牙洞发现的古人类化石属于直立人,在大荔甜水沟发现的古人类化石属于早期智人,在志丹、黄龙、长武、南郑发现的古人类化石属于晚期智人。陕西丰富的古人类化石对于研究直立人在欧亚大陆早期人类扩散和迁徙过程、早期现代人多地区起源、中国古人类演化的关键阶段等一系列关键学术问题具有非常重要的科学价值。     

人类活动影响下的龙口海岸带海底地下水排泄通量研究

在沿海地区,以²²³Ra和²²⁴Ra为示踪剂建立的镭质量平衡模型已广泛应用于海底地下水排泄量(SGD)的研究中,然而目前国内外关于在人类活动复杂影响较大情况下的SGD研究却极为少见。本文对比研究了在有防渗墙(A区)和填海造陆(B区)两种不同人为因素影响下的龙口海岸带水体表现年龄、海底地下水排泄量及其携带的氮磷营养盐通量。结果表明,A区平均水体表现年龄为14.26 d,B区平均水体表现年龄为10.64 d。此外,B区沿岸地下水以及近岸海水中的Ra活度均普遍高于A区,而盐度低于A区。在SGD方面,A区的SGD速率为1.26~1.60 cm·d^-1,B区为1.43~1.82 cm·d^-1,考虑SGD在评估方法上存在一定的误差,因此两个区域的SGD速率相差不大。但与我国其他自然海域相比,这两个区域的SGD速率均处于较低水平。此外,B区的氮磷营养盐浓度普遍高于A区,而且由SGD驱动的氮磷营养盐通量不同,地下水输入的不平衡的营养盐极易改变龙口海域的营养盐结构,对海洋生态环境产生不利影响,这也进一步证实SGD在沿海生态环境以及水体污染治理中的重要地位。     

人居环境治理视域下地质文化村建设路径研究

地质文化村是脱贫攻坚和乡村振兴背景下衍生出的乡村地质遗迹保护和开发利用相结合的新概念,目前正在全国多地推广设立,现有研究主要集中在内涵分析和规划设计方面,其具体建设过程中缺乏科学的路径参考。本研究从乡村人居环境治理的视角出发,首先,在讨论的基础上将地质文化村归类于人居环境“景区化治理”的一种形式;其次,基于扎根理论的研究方法将筛选的39篇“人居环境治理”主题文献作为研究资料,利用NVivo11对文献内容进行编码,构建了“人居环境治理”主题分析框架;最后,在归纳和借鉴人居环境领域研究成果的基础上,从“响应国家战略”、“建设思路”、“保障措施”“建设手段”四个方面提出了地质文化村的建设路径。     

人类活动强度空间化方法综述与展望

地球系统受到气候变化和人类活动的双重影响,相比于气候变化研究相关的空间数据在数据采集、制备方法、制备速度、时空分辨率和数据质量等各方面的快速发展和提高,人类活动强度空间数据还处于探索发展阶段。人类活动强度空间数据有助于更好的理解人类活动影响的强度和范围,对于探究人类活动对地球系统各圈层及其变化的影响,以及促进全球和区域可持续发展具有重要意义。基于此,通过对人类活动强度空间数据相关研究进行梳理和分析,首先提出人类活动强度空间化的概念,然后归纳总结六类主要的空间化方法,并以青藏高原地区为例重点展示和分析四类应用较为广泛的方法,包括净初级生产力人类占用法、土地类型变化法、全球干扰指数法和人类足迹指数法等。最后讨论目前人类活动强度空间化研究中存在的问题,并对未来的发展提出建议。